Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of air and the forces it exerts on solid objects moving through it. As a fundamental discipline within aerospace engineering, it is primarily concerned with understanding and predicting the forces of lift, which generates the upward force to overcome gravity, and drag, which is the resistance to motion. Engineers apply principles of aerodynamics to design the shapes of wings, fuselages, and control surfaces to ensure aircraft, rockets, and missiles are stable, controllable, and efficient during flight.

1. Introduction to Aerodynamics
   1. Definition and Scope of Aerodynamics
      1. Definition of Aerodynamics
      2. Relationship to Fluid Mechanics
      3. Branches of Aerodynamics
         1. External Aerodynamics
         2. Internal Aerodynamics
         3. Subsonic Aerodynamics
         4. Transonic Aerodynamics
         5. Supersonic Aerodynamics
         6. Hypersonic Aerodynamics
      4. Applications of Aerodynamics
         1. Aircraft Design
         2. Automotive Applications
         3. Wind Engineering
         4. Sports Applications
         5. Industrial Applications
   2. Historical Development
      1. Ancient Observations of Flight
      2. Early Theories and Pioneers
         1. Leonardo da Vinci
         2. George Cayley
         3. Otto Lilienthal
      3. Key Milestones in Aerodynamics
         1. Wright Brothers' Contributions
         2. Development of Wind Tunnels
         3. Theoretical Breakthroughs
      4. Evolution of Flight Technology
         1. Early Aviation Era
         2. Jet Age Development
         3. Modern Computational Era
   3. The Four Forces of Flight
      1. Lift
         1. Nature of Lift
         2. Physical Mechanisms
         3. Factors Affecting Lift
            1. Angle of Attack
            2. Airspeed
            3. Air Density
            4. Wing Area
      2. Drag
         1. Nature of Drag
         2. Types of Drag
            1. Parasite Drag
            2. Induced Drag
            3. Wave Drag
      3. Thrust
         1. Sources of Thrust
         2. Thrust in Different Propulsion Systems
            1. Propeller Thrust
            2. Jet Thrust
            3. Rocket Thrust
      4. Weight
         1. Gravitational Force
         2. Weight Distribution in Aircraft
         3. Center of Gravity Effects