Aerodynamics

6.

Airfoils and Two-Dimensional Wings

6.1.

Airfoil Geometry and Nomenclature

6.1.1.

Basic Terminology

6.1.1.1.

6.1.1.2.

6.1.1.3.

6.1.1.4.

6.1.2.

Camber Characteristics

6.1.2.1.

Mean Camber Line

6.1.2.2.

6.1.2.3.

Camber Location

6.1.3.

Thickness Distribution

6.1.3.1.

Maximum Thickness

6.1.3.2.

Thickness Location

6.1.3.3.

Thickness-to-Chord Ratio

6.1.4.

Geometric Angles

6.1.4.1.

Angle of Attack

6.1.4.2.

Geometric Angle of Attack

6.1.4.3.

Effective Angle of Attack

6.2.

Aerodynamic Coefficients

6.2.1.

Non-Dimensional Parameters

6.2.1.1.

Reynolds Number

6.2.1.2.

6.2.2.

Force Coefficients

6.2.2.1.

Lift Coefficient

6.2.2.2.

Drag Coefficient

6.2.2.3.

Moment Coefficient

6.2.3.

Pressure Coefficient

6.2.3.1.

Distribution Analysis

6.2.4.

Reference Parameters

6.2.4.1.

6.2.4.2.

Dynamic Pressure

6.2.4.3.

Reference Length

6.3.

Lift Generation Mechanisms

6.3.1.

Physical Explanations

6.3.1.1.

Pressure Differential Theory

6.3.1.2.

Circulation Theory

6.3.1.3.

Newton's Laws Application

6.3.2.

Angle of Attack Effects

6.3.2.1.

Linear Lift Region

6.3.2.2.

6.3.3.

6.3.4.

Thickness Effects

6.4.

Thin Airfoil Theory

6.4.1.

Theoretical Assumptions

6.4.2.

Mathematical Development

6.4.3.

6.4.3.1.

Lift Curve Slope

6.4.3.2.

Zero-Lift Angle

6.4.3.3.

Center of Pressure

6.4.4.

6.5.

The Kutta Condition

6.5.1.

6.5.2.

Mathematical Implementation

6.5.3.

Circulation Determination

6.5.4.

Real Airfoil Application

6.6.

Airfoil Performance Characteristics

6.6.1.

6.6.1.1.

6.6.1.2.

Stall Characteristics

6.6.1.3.

Maximum Lift Coefficient

6.6.2.

6.6.2.1.

6.6.2.2.

6.6.3.

Moment Characteristics

6.6.3.1.

Pitching Moment

6.6.3.2.

Aerodynamic Center

6.6.4.

Pressure Distributions

6.6.4.1.

6.6.4.2.

6.6.4.3.

Stagnation Points

6.7.

NACA Airfoil Series

6.7.1.

Development History

6.7.2.

Nomenclature System

6.7.3.

Four-Digit Series

6.7.3.1.

Geometry Definition

6.7.3.2.

Performance Characteristics

6.7.4.

Five-Digit Series

6.7.4.1.

Design Philosophy

6.7.4.2.

Camber Line Definition

6.7.5.

Six-Series Airfoils

6.7.5.1.

Laminar Flow Design

6.7.5.2.

Performance Benefits

6.7.6.

Modern Airfoil Families

6.7.6.1.

Supercritical Airfoils

6.7.6.2.

Natural Laminar Flow Airfoils

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