Plane symmetry
A plane symmetry is a symmetry of a pattern in the Euclidean plane: that is, a transformation of the plane that carries any direction lines to lines and preserves many different distances. If one has
Congruence (geometry)
In geometry, two figures or objects are congruent if they have the same shape and size, or if one has the same shape and size as the mirror image of the other. More formally, two sets of points are ca
Van Schooten's theorem
Van Schooten's theorem, named after the Dutch mathematician Frans van Schooten, describes a property of equilateral triangles. It states: For an equilateral triangle with a point on its circumcircle t
Casey's theorem
In mathematics, Casey's theorem, also known as the generalized Ptolemy's theorem, is a theorem in Euclidean geometry named after the Irish mathematician John Casey.
Droz-Farny line theorem
In Euclidean geometry, the Droz-Farny line theorem is a property of two perpendicular lines through the orthocenter of an arbitrary triangle. Let be a triangle with vertices , , and , and let be its o
Pons asinorum
In geometry, the statement that the angles opposite the equal sides of an isosceles triangle are themselves equal is known as the pons asinorum (Latin: [ˈpõːs asɪˈnoːrũː], English: /ˈpɒnz ˌæsɪˈnɔːrəm/
Simplicial polytope
In geometry, a simplicial polytope is a polytope whose facets are all simplices. For example, a simplicial polyhedron in three dimensions contains only triangular faces and corresponds via Steinitz's
Root system
In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vectors in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, esp
Book of Lemmas
The Book of Lemmas is a book attributed to Archimedes by Thābit ibn Qurra, though the authorship of the book is questionable. It consists of fifteen propositions (lemmas) on circles.
Double wedge
In geometry, a double wedge is the (closure of) the symmetric difference of two half-spaces whose boundaries are not parallel to each other. For instance, in the Cartesian plane, the union of the posi
Euler's quadrilateral theorem
Euler's quadrilateral theorem or Euler's law on quadrilaterals, named after Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), describes a relation between the sides of a convex quadrilateral and its diagonals. It is a gene
Rotation
Rotation, or spin, is the circular movement of an object around a central axis. A two-dimensional rotating object has only one possible central axis and can rotate in either a clockwise or countercloc
Commandino's theorem
Commandino's theorem, named after Federico Commandino (1509–1575), states that the four medians of a tetrahedron are concurrent at a point S, which divides them in a 3:1 ratio. In a tetrahedron a medi
Steinmetz curve
A Steinmetz curve is the curve of intersection of two right circular cylinders of radii and whose axes intersect perpendicularly. In case of the Steimetz curves are the edges of a Steinmetz solid. If
Expansion (geometry)
In geometry, expansion is a polytope operation where facets are separated and moved radially apart, and new facets are formed at separated elements (vertices, edges, etc.). Equivalently this operation
Equal incircles theorem
In geometry, the equal incircles theorem derives from a Japanese Sangaku, and pertains to the following construction: a series of rays are drawn from a given point to a given line such that the inscri
Dissection problem
In geometry, a dissection problem is the problem of partitioning a geometric figure (such as a polytope or ball) into smaller pieces that may be rearranged into a new figure of equal content. In this
Busemann's theorem
In mathematics, Busemann's theorem is a theorem in Euclidean geometry and geometric tomography. It was first proved by Herbert Busemann in 1949 and was motivated by his theory of area in Finsler space
Euclidean space
Euclidean space is the fundamental space of geometry, intended to represent physical space. Originally, that is, in Euclid's Elements, it was the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, but in
Similarity (geometry)
In Euclidean geometry, two objects are similar if they have the same shape, or one has the same shape as the mirror image of the other. More precisely, one can be obtained from the other by uniformly
Radio navigation
Radio navigation or radionavigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position of an object on the Earth, either the vessel or an obstruction. Like radiolocation, it is a type of
Integer lattice
In mathematics, the n-dimensional integer lattice (or cubic lattice), denoted , is the lattice in the Euclidean space whose lattice points are n-tuples of integers. The two-dimensional integer lattice
Anthropomorphic polygon
In geometry, an anthropomorphic polygon is a simple polygon with precisely two ears and one mouth. That is, for exactly three polygon vertices, the line segment connecting the two neighbors of the ver
Finsler–Hadwiger theorem
The Finsler–Hadwiger theorem is statement in Euclidean plane geometry that describes a third square derived from any two squares that share a vertex. The theorem is named after Paul Finsler and Hugo H
Orientation (geometry)
In geometry, the orientation, angular position, attitude, bearing, or direction of an object such as a line, plane or rigid body is part of the description of how it is placed in the space it occupies
Jung's theorem
In geometry, Jung's theorem is an inequality between the diameter of a set of points in any Euclidean space and the radius of the minimum enclosing ball of that set. It is named after Heinrich Jung, w
Rytz's construction
The Rytz’s axis construction is a basic method of descriptive geometry to find the axes, the semi-major axis and semi-minor axis and the vertices of an ellipse, starting from two conjugated half-diame
Cauchy's theorem (geometry)
Cauchy's theorem is a theorem in geometry, named after Augustin Cauchy. It states that convex polytopes in three dimensions with congruent corresponding faces must be congruent to each other. That is,
Vertex angle
In geometry, a vertex is an angle (shape) associated with a vertex of an n-dimensional polytope. In two dimensions it refers to the angle formed by two intersecting lines, such as at a "corner" (verte
Pendent
Pendent is an adjective that describes the condition of hanging, either literally, or figuratively, as in undecided or incomplete. The word is to be distinguished from the spelling "pendant", which is
Star domain
In geometry, a set in the Euclidean space is called a star domain (or star-convex set, star-shaped set or radially convex set) if there exists an such that for all the line segment from to lies in Thi
On the Sphere and Cylinder
On the Sphere and Cylinder (Greek: Περὶ σφαίρας καὶ κυλίνδρου) is a work that was published by Archimedes in two volumes c. 225 BCE. It most notably details how to find the surface area of a sphere an
De Gua's theorem
In mathematics, De Gua's theorem is a three-dimensional analog of the Pythagorean theorem named after Jean Paul de Gua de Malves. It states that if a tetrahedron has a right-angle corner (like the cor
Apollonius's theorem
In geometry, Apollonius's theorem is a theorem relating the length of a median of a triangle to the lengths of its sides. It states that "the sum of the squares of any two sides of any triangle equals
Varignon's theorem
Varignon's theorem is a statement in Euclidean geometry, that deals with the construction of a particular parallelogram, the Varignon parallelogram, from an arbitrary quadrilateral (quadrangle). It is
Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection (also orthogonal projection and analemma) is a means of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. Orthographic projection is a form of parallel projection in wh
Screw axis
A screw axis (helical axis or twist axis) is a line that is simultaneously the axis of rotation and the line along which translation of a body occurs. Chasles' theorem shows that each Euclidean displa
Gyration
In geometry, a gyration is a rotation in a discrete subgroup of symmetries of the Euclidean plane such that the subgroup does not also contain a reflection symmetry whose axis passes through the cente
Alignments of random points
Alignments of random points in a plane can be demonstrated by statistics to be counter-intuitively easy to find when a large number of random points are marked on a bounded flat surface. This has been
Orthant
In geometry, an orthant or hyperoctant is the analogue in n-dimensional Euclidean space of a quadrant in the plane or an octant in three dimensions. In general an orthant in n-dimensions can be consid
Simple polytope
In geometry, a d-dimensional simple polytope is a d-dimensional polytope each of whose vertices are adjacent to exactly d edges (also d facets). The vertex figure of a simple d-polytope is a (d – 1)-s
Euclid's Elements
The Elements (Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖα Stoikheîa) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC. It is
Gyrovector space
A gyrovector space is a mathematical concept proposed by Abraham A. Ungar for studying hyperbolic geometry in analogy to the way vector spaces are used in Euclidean geometry. Ungar introduced the conc
Intercept theorem
The intercept theorem, also known as Thales's theorem, basic proportionality theorem or side splitter theorem is an important theorem in elementary geometry about the ratios of various line segments t
Triangle group
In mathematics, a triangle group is a group that can be realized geometrically by sequences of reflections across the sides of a triangle. The triangle can be an ordinary Euclidean triangle, a triangl
Line–line intersection
In Euclidean geometry, the intersection of a line and a line can be the empty set, a point, or another line. Distinguishing these cases and finding the intersection have uses, for example, in computer
Hiroshi Haruki
Hiroshi Haruki (春木 博, Haruki Hiroshi, died September 13, 1997) was a Japanese mathematician. A world-renowned expert in functional equations, he is best known for discovering "Haruki's theorem" and "H
Triangulation (surveying)
In surveying, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring only angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline by using trigonometry, rather than
Intersection of a polyhedron with a line
In computational geometry, the problem of computing the intersection of a polyhedron with a line has important applications in computer graphics, optimization, and even in some Monte Carlo methods. It
Line–plane intersection
In analytic geometry, the intersection of a line and a plane in three-dimensional space can be the empty set, a point, or a line. It is the entire line if that line is embedded in the plane, and is th
Distance from a point to a plane
In Euclidean space, the distance from a point to a plane is the distance between a given point and its orthogonal projection on the plane, the perpendicular distance to the nearest point on the plane.
On Spirals
On Spirals (Greek: Περὶ ἑλίκων) is a treatise by Archimedes, written around 225 BC. Notably, Archimedes employed the Archimedean spiral in this book to square the circle and trisect an angle.
Rodrigues' rotation formula
In the theory of three-dimensional rotation, Rodrigues' rotation formula, named after Olinde Rodrigues, is an efficient algorithm for rotating a vector in space, given an axis and angle of rotation. B
Two-point tensor
Two-point tensors, or double vectors, are tensor-like quantities which transform as Euclidean vectors with respect to each of their indices. They are used in continuum mechanics to transform between r
Centerpoint (geometry)
In statistics and computational geometry, the notion of centerpoint is a generalization of the median to data in higher-dimensional Euclidean space. Given a set of points in d-dimensional space, a cen
Triangulation
In trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by forming triangles to the point from known points.
Translation of axes
In mathematics, a translation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x'y'-Cartesian coordinate system in which the x' axis is parallel to the x axis and k
Vertex (geometry)
In geometry, a vertex (in plural form: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an a
Square lattice
In mathematics, the square lattice is a type of lattice in a two-dimensional Euclidean space. It is the two-dimensional version of the integer lattice, denoted as . It is one of the five types of two-
True-range multilateration
True-range multilateration (also termed range-range multilateration and spherical multilateration) is a method to determine the location of a movable vehicle or stationary point in space using multipl
Sacred Mathematics
Sacred Mathematics: Japanese Temple Geometry is a book on Sangaku, geometry problems presented on wooden tablets as temple offerings in the Edo period of Japan. It was written by Fukagawa Hidetoshi an
Carlyle circle
In mathematics, a Carlyle circle (named for Thomas Carlyle) is a certain circle in a coordinate plane associated with a quadratic equation. The circle has the property that the solutions of the quadra
Saccheri–Legendre theorem
In absolute geometry, the Saccheri–Legendre theorem states that the sum of the angles in a triangle is at most 180°. Absolute geometry is the geometry obtained from assuming all the axioms that lead t
Rotation of axes
In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes
On Conoids and Spheroids
On Conoids and Spheroids (Ancient Greek: Περὶ κωνοειδέων καὶ σφαιροειδέων) is a surviving work by the Greek mathematician and engineer Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC). Consisting of 32 propositions
Parallelogram law
In mathematics, the simplest form of the parallelogram law (also called the parallelogram identity) belongs to elementary geometry. It states that the sum of the squares of the lengths of the four sid
Distortion (mathematics)
In mathematics, the distortion is a measure of the amount by which a function from the Euclidean plane to itself distorts circles to ellipses. If the distortion of a function is equal to one, then it
Flat (geometry)
In geometry, a flat or Euclidean subspace is a subset of a Euclidean space that is itself a Euclidean space (of lower dimension). The flats in two-dimensional space are points and lines, and the flats
Cone condition
In mathematics, the cone condition is a property which may be satisfied by a subset of a Euclidean space. Informally, it requires that for each point in the subset a cone with vertex in that point mus
Euclidean vector
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector or spatial vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and directi
Disk (mathematics)
In geometry, a disk (also spelled disc) is the region in a plane bounded by a circle. A disk is said to be closed if it contains the circle that constitutes its boundary, and open if it does not. For
Euclidean geometry
Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements. Euclid's approach consists in assuming a sma
Homothetic center
In geometry, a homothetic center (also called a center of similarity or a center of similitude) is a point from which at least two geometrically similar figures can be seen as a dilation or contractio
Milman's reverse Brunn–Minkowski inequality
In mathematics, particularly, in asymptotic convex geometry, Milman's reverse Brunn–Minkowski inequality is a result due to Vitali Milman that provides a reverse inequality to the famous Brunn–Minkows
Pseudo-range multilateration
Pseudo-range multilateration, often simply multilateration (MLAT) when in context, is a technique for determining the position of an unknown point, such as a vehicle, based on measurement of the times
Sangaku
Sangaku or San Gaku (Japanese: 算額, lit. 'calculation tablet') are Japanese geometrical problems or theorems on wooden tablets which were placed as offerings at Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples durin
One-dimensional symmetry group
A one-dimensional symmetry group is a mathematical group that describes symmetries in one dimension (1D). A pattern in 1D can be represented as a function f(x) for, say, the color at position x. The o
Apotome (mathematics)
In the historical study of mathematics, an apotome is a line segment formed from a longer line segment by breaking it into two parts, one of which is commensurable only in power to the whole; the othe
Distance from a point to a line
In Euclidean geometry, the 'distance from a point to a line is the shortest distance from a given point to any point on an infinite straight line. It is the perpendicular distance of the point to the
Spiral similarity
Spiral similarity is a plane transformation in mathematics composed of a rotation and a dilation. It is used widely in Euclidean geometry to facilitate the proofs of many theorems and other results in
Equiangular lines
In geometry, a set of lines is called equiangular if all the lines intersect at a single point, and every pair of lines makes the same angle.
Hyperplane
In geometry, a hyperplane is a subspace whose dimension is one less than that of its ambient space. For example, if a space is 3-dimensional then its hyperplanes are the 2-dimensional planes, while if
British flag theorem
In Euclidean geometry, the British flag theorem says that if a point P is chosen inside a rectangle ABCD then the sum of the squares of the Euclidean distances from P to two opposite corners of the re
Euclid's Optics
Euclid's Optics (Greek: Ὀπτικά), is a work on the geometry of vision written by the Greek mathematician Euclid around 300 BC. The earliest surviving manuscript of Optics is in Greek and dates from the
Half-space (geometry)
In geometry, a half-space is either of the two parts into which a plane divides the three-dimensional Euclidean space. If the space is two-dimensional, then a half-space is called a half-plane (open o
Steiner–Lehmus theorem
The Steiner–Lehmus theorem, a theorem in elementary geometry, was formulated by C. L. Lehmus and subsequently proved by Jakob Steiner. It states: Every triangle with two angle bisectors of equal lengt
Method of exhaustion
The method of exhaustion (Latin: methodus exhaustionibus; French: méthode des anciens) is a method of finding the area of a shape by inscribing inside it a sequence of polygons whose areas converge to
Measurement of a Circle
Measurement of a Circle or Dimension of the Circle (Greek: Κύκλου μέτρησις, Kuklou metrēsis) is a treatise that consists of three propositions by Archimedes, ca. 250 BCE. The treatise is only a fracti
Theorem of the gnomon
The theorem of the gnomon states that certain parallelograms occurring in a gnomon have areas of equal size.
Treks into Intuitive Geometry
Treks into Intuitive Geometry: The World of Polygons and Polyhedra is a book on geometry, written as a discussion between a teacher and a student in the style of a Socratic dialogue. It was written by
Beckman–Quarles theorem
In geometry, the Beckman–Quarles theorem, named after Frank S. Beckman and Donald A. Quarles Jr., states that if a transformation of the Euclidean plane or a higher-dimensional Euclidean space preserv
Crystal system
In crystallography, a crystal system is a set of point groups (a group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point). A lattice system is a set of Bravais lattices. Space groups are classifie
Differentiation in Fréchet spaces
In mathematics, in particular in functional analysis and nonlinear analysis, it is possible to define the derivative of a function between two Fréchet spaces. This notion of differentiation, as it is
Eyeball theorem
The eyeball theorem is a statement in elementary geometry about a property of a pair of disjoined circles. More precisely it states the following: For two nonintersecting circles and centered at and t
Constant chord theorem
The constant chord theorem is a statement in elementary geometry about a property of certain chords in two intersecting circles. The circles and intersect in the points and . is an arbitrary point on
Plane curve
In mathematics, a plane curve is a curve in a plane that may be either a Euclidean plane, an affine plane or a projective plane. The most frequently studied cases are smooth plane curves (including pi