Wood Science and Technology

9.

9.1.

Drying Fundamentals

9.1.1.

Moisture Movement Mechanisms

9.1.1.1.

9.1.1.2.

Vapor Diffusion

9.1.1.3.

Bound Water Movement

9.1.1.4.

Free Water Movement

9.1.2.

Drying Stresses

9.1.2.1.

Moisture Gradients

9.1.2.2.

Shrinkage Stresses

9.1.2.3.

9.1.2.4.

9.1.3.

Heat and Mass Transfer

9.1.3.1.

9.1.3.2.

9.1.3.3.

9.1.3.4.

9.2.

9.2.1.

9.2.1.1.

9.2.1.2.

Air Circulation

9.2.1.3.

9.2.1.4.

9.2.2.

Stacking Methods

9.2.2.1.

Foundation Systems

9.2.2.2.

Sticker Materials

9.2.2.3.

Sticker Spacing

9.2.2.4.

9.2.2.5.

9.2.3.

Air Drying Process

9.2.3.1.

9.2.3.2.

Seasonal Variations

9.2.3.3.

Final Moisture Content

9.2.3.4.

Time Requirements

9.2.4.

Air Drying Problems

9.2.4.1.

9.2.4.2.

Surface Checking

9.2.4.3.

9.2.4.4.

9.3.

9.3.1.

Conventional Kilns

9.3.1.1.

Kiln Construction

9.3.1.2.

Heating Systems

9.3.1.3.

Humidification Systems

9.3.1.4.

Air Circulation Systems

9.3.1.5.

Control Systems

9.3.2.

Dehumidification Kilns

9.3.2.1.

Heat Pump Systems

9.3.2.2.

Condensation Process

9.3.2.3.

Energy Efficiency

9.3.3.

9.3.3.1.

9.3.3.2.

9.3.3.3.

Advantages and Limitations

9.3.4.

9.3.4.1.

Solar Collectors

9.3.4.2.

Thermal Storage

9.3.4.3.

Ventilation Systems

9.3.5.

Radio Frequency Drying

9.3.5.1.

RF Heating Principles

9.3.5.2.

Equipment Design

9.4.

Drying Schedules

9.4.1.

Schedule Development

9.4.1.1.

Species Characteristics

9.4.1.2.

Thickness Considerations

9.4.1.3.

End Use Requirements

9.4.2.

Temperature Control

9.4.2.1.

Dry Bulb Temperature

9.4.2.2.

Wet Bulb Temperature

9.4.2.3.

Temperature Gradients

9.4.3.

Humidity Control

9.4.3.1.

Relative Humidity

9.4.3.2.

Equilibrium Moisture Content

9.4.3.3.

Humidity Sensors

9.4.4.

Schedule Modifications

9.4.4.1.

Stress Relief Steps

9.4.4.2.

Conditioning Treatments

9.4.4.3.

Equalizing Treatments

9.5.

Drying Defects and Control

9.5.1.

9.5.1.1.

9.5.1.2.

Prevention Methods

9.5.1.3.

Repair Techniques

9.5.2.

Internal Checks

9.5.2.1.

9.5.2.2.

9.5.2.3.

Detection Methods

9.5.3.

9.5.3.1.

9.5.3.2.

9.5.3.3.

9.5.3.4.

9.5.3.5.

Causes and Prevention

9.5.4.

9.5.4.1.

9.5.4.2.

Species Susceptibility

9.5.4.3.

Recovery Methods

9.5.5.

9.5.5.1.

9.5.5.2.

9.5.5.3.

Prevention Methods

9.6.

Quality Control

9.6.1.

Moisture Content Monitoring

9.6.1.1.

Sampling Methods

9.6.1.2.

Measurement Techniques

9.6.1.3.

Target Moisture Contents

9.6.2.

9.6.2.1.

9.6.2.2.

9.6.2.3.

Stress Relief Assessment

9.6.3.

9.6.3.1.

Defect Assessment

9.6.3.2.

Yield Calculations

9.6.3.3.

Economic Optimization

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10. Secondary Wood Processing