Wood Science and Technology

  1. Wood Drying
    1. Drying Fundamentals
      1. Moisture Movement Mechanisms
        1. Liquid Flow
          1. Vapor Diffusion
            1. Bound Water Movement
              1. Free Water Movement
              2. Drying Stresses
                1. Moisture Gradients
                  1. Shrinkage Stresses
                    1. Casehardening
                      1. Stress Relief
                      2. Heat and Mass Transfer
                        1. Conduction
                          1. Convection
                            1. Radiation
                              1. Evaporation
                            2. Air Drying
                              1. Site Selection
                                1. Drainage
                                  1. Air Circulation
                                    1. Sun Exposure
                                      1. Accessibility
                                      2. Stacking Methods
                                        1. Foundation Systems
                                          1. Sticker Materials
                                            1. Sticker Spacing
                                              1. Stack Height
                                                1. Stack Covers
                                                2. Air Drying Process
                                                  1. Drying Rates
                                                    1. Seasonal Variations
                                                      1. Final Moisture Content
                                                        1. Time Requirements
                                                        2. Air Drying Problems
                                                          1. Uneven Drying
                                                            1. Surface Checking
                                                              1. End Checking
                                                                1. Stain and Mold
                                                              2. Kiln Drying
                                                                1. Conventional Kilns
                                                                  1. Kiln Construction
                                                                    1. Heating Systems
                                                                      1. Humidification Systems
                                                                        1. Air Circulation Systems
                                                                          1. Control Systems
                                                                          2. Dehumidification Kilns
                                                                            1. Heat Pump Systems
                                                                              1. Condensation Process
                                                                                1. Energy Efficiency
                                                                                2. Vacuum Kilns
                                                                                  1. Vacuum Systems
                                                                                    1. Heat Transfer
                                                                                      1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                      2. Solar Kilns
                                                                                        1. Solar Collectors
                                                                                          1. Thermal Storage
                                                                                            1. Ventilation Systems
                                                                                            2. Radio Frequency Drying
                                                                                              1. RF Heating Principles
                                                                                                1. Equipment Design
                                                                                              2. Drying Schedules
                                                                                                1. Schedule Development
                                                                                                  1. Species Characteristics
                                                                                                    1. Thickness Considerations
                                                                                                      1. End Use Requirements
                                                                                                      2. Temperature Control
                                                                                                        1. Dry Bulb Temperature
                                                                                                          1. Wet Bulb Temperature
                                                                                                            1. Temperature Gradients
                                                                                                            2. Humidity Control
                                                                                                              1. Relative Humidity
                                                                                                                1. Equilibrium Moisture Content
                                                                                                                  1. Humidity Sensors
                                                                                                                  2. Schedule Modifications
                                                                                                                    1. Stress Relief Steps
                                                                                                                      1. Conditioning Treatments
                                                                                                                        1. Equalizing Treatments
                                                                                                                      2. Drying Defects and Control
                                                                                                                        1. Surface Checks
                                                                                                                          1. Causes
                                                                                                                            1. Prevention Methods
                                                                                                                              1. Repair Techniques
                                                                                                                              2. Internal Checks
                                                                                                                                1. Honeycomb
                                                                                                                                  1. Ring Failure
                                                                                                                                    1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                    2. Warp
                                                                                                                                      1. Bow
                                                                                                                                        1. Crook
                                                                                                                                          1. Cup
                                                                                                                                            1. Twist
                                                                                                                                              1. Causes and Prevention
                                                                                                                                              2. Collapse
                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                  1. Species Susceptibility
                                                                                                                                                    1. Recovery Methods
                                                                                                                                                    2. Discoloration
                                                                                                                                                      1. Brown Stain
                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemical Stain
                                                                                                                                                          1. Prevention Methods
                                                                                                                                                        2. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                          1. Moisture Content Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                            1. Sampling Methods
                                                                                                                                                              1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                1. Target Moisture Contents
                                                                                                                                                                2. Stress Testing
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Prong Test
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fork Test
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stress Relief Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Grade Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Defect Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Yield Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Economic Optimization

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                                                                                                                                                                        8. Primary Wood Processing

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                                                                                                                                                                        10. Secondary Wood Processing