Wood Science and Technology

3.

Wood Anatomy and Structure

3.1.

Macroscopic Wood Features

3.1.1.

3.1.1.1.

Outer Bark Functions

3.1.1.2.

Inner Bark Composition

3.1.1.3.

Bark Identification Features

3.1.2.

3.1.2.1.

Cambial Zone Structure

3.1.2.2.

Seasonal Activity

3.1.3.

Sapwood and Heartwood

3.1.3.1.

Formation Process

3.1.3.2.

Functional Differences

3.1.3.3.

Color Variations

3.1.3.4.

Transition Characteristics

3.1.4.

3.1.4.1.

Ring Boundaries

3.1.4.2.

Earlywood Characteristics

3.1.4.3.

Latewood Characteristics

3.1.4.4.

Ring Width Variations

3.1.5.

Wood Grain Patterns

3.1.5.1.

3.1.5.2.

3.1.5.3.

Interlocked Grain

3.1.5.4.

3.1.6.

3.1.6.1.

3.1.6.2.

3.1.6.3.

3.1.6.4.

3.1.7.

3.1.7.1.

3.1.7.2.

3.1.7.3.

3.2.

Microscopic Wood Structure

3.2.1.

Cell Types in Wood

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.1.1.

Structure and Function

3.2.1.1.2.

3.2.1.1.3.

Tracheid Length

3.2.1.2.

3.2.1.2.1.

3.2.1.2.2.

3.2.1.2.3.

3.2.1.3.

Vessel Elements

3.2.1.3.1.

Vessel Structure

3.2.1.3.2.

Perforation Plates

3.2.1.3.3.

Vessel Arrangement

3.2.1.4.

Parenchyma Cells

3.2.1.4.1.

Axial Parenchyma

3.2.1.4.2.

3.2.1.4.3.

Storage Function

3.2.2.

Cell Wall Structure

3.2.2.1.

3.2.2.1.1.

3.2.2.1.2.

3.2.2.2.

3.2.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.2.

3.2.2.3.

Secondary Wall Layers

3.2.2.3.1.

3.2.2.3.2.

3.2.2.3.3.

3.2.2.3.4.

Microfibril Orientation

3.2.3.

Pit Structure and Function

3.2.3.1.

3.2.3.2.

3.2.3.3.

3.2.3.4.

3.2.3.5.

3.3.

Softwood Anatomy

3.3.1.

Cellular Composition

3.3.1.1.

Longitudinal Tracheids

3.3.1.2.

3.3.1.3.

3.3.1.4.

Epithelial Cells

3.3.2.

Resin Canal Systems

3.3.2.1.

Normal Resin Canals

3.3.2.2.

Traumatic Resin Canals

3.3.2.3.

Axial Resin Canals

3.3.2.4.

Radial Resin Canals

3.3.3.

Softwood Identification Features

3.3.3.1.

Tracheid Characteristics

3.3.3.2.

3.3.3.3.

Resin Canal Presence

3.4.

Hardwood Anatomy

3.4.1.

Cellular Composition

3.4.1.1.

Vessel Elements

3.4.1.2.

3.4.1.3.

Axial Parenchyma

3.4.1.4.

3.4.2.

Vessel Arrangement Patterns

3.4.2.1.

Ring-Porous Wood

3.4.2.2.

Diffuse-Porous Wood

3.4.2.3.

Semi-Ring-Porous Wood

3.4.3.

Parenchyma Distribution

3.4.3.1.

Apotracheal Parenchyma

3.4.3.2.

Paratracheal Parenchyma

3.4.3.3.

Marginal Parenchyma

3.4.4.

Tyloses Formation

3.4.4.1.

Structure and Function

3.4.4.2.

Species Variations

3.4.5.

Hardwood Identification Features

3.4.5.1.

Vessel Characteristics

3.4.5.2.

Parenchyma Patterns

3.4.5.3.

3.5.

Wood Identification Techniques

3.5.1.

Macroscopic Identification

3.5.1.1.

Visual Characteristics

3.5.1.2.

Hand Lens Examination

3.5.1.3.

3.5.2.

Microscopic Identification

3.5.2.1.

Sample Preparation

3.5.2.2.

Sectioning Techniques

3.5.2.3.

Staining Methods

3.5.2.4.

Light Microscopy

3.5.3.

Advanced Identification Methods

3.5.3.1.

Scanning Electron Microscopy

3.5.3.2.

3.5.3.3.

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2. Tree Growth and Wood Formation

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4. Chemical Composition of Wood