Surface and Colloid Chemistry

6.

Stability of Colloidal Systems

6.1.

Interparticle Forces

6.1.1.

van der Waals Attractive Forces

6.1.1.1.

London Dispersion Forces

6.1.1.2.

6.1.1.3.

6.1.1.4.

Hamaker Constant

6.1.2.

Electrostatic Repulsive Forces

6.1.2.1.

Double Layer Repulsion

6.1.2.2.

Screening Effects

6.1.3.

Solvation Forces

6.1.3.1.

Hydration Forces

6.1.3.2.

Structural Forces

6.1.4.

6.1.4.1.

Polymer-Mediated Interactions

6.2.

6.2.1.

Overview and Assumptions

6.2.2.

Potential Energy Curves

6.2.2.1.

van der Waals Attraction

6.2.2.2.

Electrostatic Repulsion

6.2.2.3.

Total Interaction Energy

6.2.3.

Primary Minimum

6.2.3.1.

Irreversible Coagulation

6.2.4.

Secondary Minimum

6.2.4.1.

Reversible Flocculation

6.2.5.

6.2.5.1.

Factors Affecting Barrier Height

6.2.5.2.

Temperature Effects

6.2.6.

Limitations of DLVO Theory

6.3.

Non-DLVO Forces and Stabilization

6.3.1.

Steric Stabilization

6.3.1.1.

Polymer Adsorption

6.3.1.2.

Brush and Mushroom Regimes

6.3.1.3.

Osmotic and Elastic Contributions

6.3.2.

Electrosteric Stabilization

6.3.2.1.

Polyelectrolyte Stabilizers

6.3.3.

Depletion Forces

6.3.3.1.

Mechanism and Theory

6.3.3.2.

Attractive Depletion Interactions

6.4.

Coagulation and Flocculation

6.4.1.

Mechanisms of Coagulation

6.4.1.1.

Electrolyte-Induced Coagulation

6.4.1.2.

Bridging Flocculation

6.4.1.3.

Sweep Flocculation

6.4.2.

Kinetics of Coagulation

6.4.2.1.

Rapid Coagulation

6.4.2.2.

Slow Coagulation

6.4.2.3.

Smoluchowski Theory

6.4.3.

Schulze-Hardy Rule

6.4.3.1.

Valence Effect on Coagulation

6.4.3.2.

Experimental Observations

6.4.4.

Critical Coagulation Concentration

6.4.4.1.

Determination Methods

6.4.4.2.

Factors Affecting CCC

6.4.5.

Flocculation by Polymers

6.4.5.1.

Bridging Mechanism

6.4.5.2.

6.4.5.3.

Polymer Characteristics

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5. Properties of Colloidal Systems

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7. Surfactants and Self-Assembly