Surface and Colloid Chemistry

2.

The Liquid Interface

2.1.

Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension

2.1.1.

Definition of Surface Tension

2.1.2.

Definition of Interfacial Tension

2.1.3.

Molecular Origin of Surface Tension

2.1.3.1.

Cohesive Forces

2.1.3.2.

Role of Hydrogen Bonding

2.1.4.

Surface Free Energy and Its Relation to Tension

2.1.5.

Young-Laplace Equation

2.1.5.1.

Derivation and Physical Meaning

2.1.5.2.

Applications to Bubbles and Drops

2.2.

Measurement of Surface and Interfacial Tension

2.2.1.

Capillary Rise Method

2.2.1.1.

Principle and Setup

2.2.1.2.

Calculation of Surface Tension

2.2.1.3.

Limitations and Sources of Error

2.2.2.

Wilhelmy Plate Method

2.2.2.1.

Principle and Procedure

2.2.2.2.

Data Interpretation

2.2.3.

Du Noüy Ring Method

2.2.3.1.

Principle and Procedure

2.2.3.2.

Corrections and Calibration

2.2.4.

Drop Weight Method

2.2.4.1.

Principle and Calculations

2.2.5.

Drop Volume Method

2.2.5.1.

Principle and Calculations

2.2.6.

Pendant Drop Analysis

2.2.6.1.

Image Analysis Techniques

2.2.6.2.

Contact Angle Measurement

2.2.7.

Sessile Drop Analysis

2.2.7.1.

Image Analysis Techniques

2.2.7.2.

Contact Angle Measurement

2.3.

Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena

2.3.1.

Capillary Action and Its Causes

2.3.2.

2.3.2.1.

Definition and Measurement

2.3.2.2.

Factors Affecting Contact Angle

2.3.3.

Young's Equation

2.3.3.1.

Derivation and Applications

2.3.4.

Wetting Phenomena

2.3.4.1.

Complete Wetting

2.3.4.2.

Partial Wetting

2.3.4.3.

2.3.5.

2.3.5.1.

Spreading Coefficient

2.3.5.2.

Dynamic Spreading

2.3.6.

2.3.6.1.

Mechanisms and Applications

2.4.

Thermodynamics of Liquid Surfaces

2.4.1.

Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm

2.4.1.1.

Derivation and Interpretation

2.4.1.2.

Applications to Surfactant Adsorption

2.4.2.

Surface Excess Concentration

2.4.2.1.

Definition and Calculation

2.4.2.2.

Experimental Determination

2.5.

Monolayers and Langmuir Films

2.5.1.

Formation of Insoluble Monolayers

2.5.2.

Surface Pressure-Area Isotherms

2.5.2.1.

Interpretation of Isotherms

2.5.2.2.

Phase Transitions in Monolayers

2.5.3.

Langmuir-Blodgett Troughs

2.5.3.1.

Principle and Operation

2.5.3.2.

Film Deposition Techniques

2.5.3.3.

Applications of Langmuir-Blodgett Films

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1. Introduction to Surface and Colloid Science

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3. The Solid Interface