Stroke and Neurological Disorders

  1. Neurodegenerative Disorders
    1. Dementia Syndromes
      1. Alzheimer's Disease
        1. Epidemiology
          1. Prevalence by Age
            1. Risk Factors
              1. Protective Factors
              2. Pathophysiology
                1. Amyloid Hypothesis
                  1. Amyloid-Beta Production
                    1. Plaque Formation
                      1. Toxic Effects
                      2. Tau Pathology
                        1. Neurofibrillary Tangles
                          1. Tau Propagation
                            1. Neuronal Death
                            2. Neuroinflammation
                              1. Microglial Activation
                                1. Cytokine Release
                                2. Synaptic Dysfunction
                                  1. Synaptic Loss
                                    1. Neurotransmitter Deficits
                                    2. Vascular Contributions
                                      1. Cerebrovascular Disease
                                        1. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction
                                      2. Clinical Stages
                                        1. Preclinical Stage
                                          1. Biomarker Changes
                                            1. Cognitive Reserve
                                            2. Mild Cognitive Impairment
                                              1. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                1. Conversion Rates
                                                2. Mild Dementia
                                                  1. Early Symptoms
                                                    1. Functional Impact
                                                    2. Moderate Dementia
                                                      1. Progressive Decline
                                                        1. Behavioral Changes
                                                        2. Severe Dementia
                                                          1. End-Stage Care
                                                            1. Palliative Considerations
                                                          2. Diagnostic Approach
                                                            1. Clinical Criteria
                                                              1. DSM-5 Criteria
                                                                1. NIA-AA Guidelines
                                                                2. Cognitive Assessment
                                                                  1. Mental Status Exams
                                                                    1. Neuropsychological Testing
                                                                    2. Neuroimaging
                                                                      1. Structural MRI
                                                                        1. FDG-PET
                                                                          1. Amyloid PET
                                                                            1. Tau PET
                                                                            2. Biomarkers
                                                                              1. CSF Biomarkers
                                                                                1. Blood Biomarkers
                                                                                  1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                2. Treatment and Management
                                                                                  1. Pharmacological Treatments
                                                                                    1. Cholinesterase Inhibitors
                                                                                      1. Donepezil
                                                                                        1. Rivastigmine
                                                                                          1. Galantamine
                                                                                          2. NMDA Receptor Antagonists
                                                                                            1. Memantine
                                                                                            2. Emerging Therapies
                                                                                              1. Amyloid-Targeting Drugs
                                                                                                1. Tau-Targeting Drugs
                                                                                                  1. Anti-Inflammatory Agents
                                                                                                2. Non-Pharmacological Interventions
                                                                                                  1. Cognitive Stimulation
                                                                                                    1. Physical Exercise
                                                                                                      1. Social Engagement
                                                                                                        1. Environmental Modifications
                                                                                                        2. Behavioral Management
                                                                                                          1. Agitation
                                                                                                            1. Sleep Disturbances
                                                                                                              1. Depression
                                                                                                                1. Psychosis
                                                                                                                2. Caregiver Support
                                                                                                                  1. Education
                                                                                                                    1. Respite Care
                                                                                                                      1. Support Groups
                                                                                                                  2. Vascular Dementia
                                                                                                                    1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                      1. Large Vessel Disease
                                                                                                                        1. Small Vessel Disease
                                                                                                                          1. Hypoperfusion
                                                                                                                            1. Strategic Infarcts
                                                                                                                            2. Clinical Subtypes
                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Infarct Dementia
                                                                                                                                1. Subcortical Vascular Dementia
                                                                                                                                  1. Mixed Dementia
                                                                                                                                  2. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                      1. Neuroimaging Findings
                                                                                                                                        1. Temporal Relationship
                                                                                                                                        2. Management
                                                                                                                                          1. Vascular Risk Factor Control
                                                                                                                                            1. Cognitive Enhancement
                                                                                                                                              1. Symptomatic Treatment
                                                                                                                                            2. Lewy Body Dementia
                                                                                                                                              1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                1. Alpha-Synuclein Pathology
                                                                                                                                                  1. Lewy Body Formation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Neurotransmitter Systems
                                                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                      1. Core Features
                                                                                                                                                        1. Fluctuating Cognition
                                                                                                                                                          1. Visual Hallucinations
                                                                                                                                                            1. Parkinsonism
                                                                                                                                                              1. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
                                                                                                                                                              2. Supportive Features
                                                                                                                                                                1. Neuroleptic Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Autonomic Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Falls
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Diagnostic Approach
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Neuroimaging
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cholinesterase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Parkinson's Medications
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Behavioral Interventions
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Frontotemporal Dementia
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tau Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. TDP-43 Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. FUS Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Clinical Variants
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Behavioral Variant FTD
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Personality Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Executive Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Social Cognition Deficits
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Primary Progressive Aphasia
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Semantic Variant
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Non-Fluent Variant
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Logopenic Variant
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Diagnostic Approach
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neuroimaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Behavioral Interventions
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Speech Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Family Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Symptomatic Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Other Dementias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Triad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diagnostic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shunt Surgery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diagnostic Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Huntington's Disease Dementia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Genetic Basis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Movement Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Parkinson's Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Epidemiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Prevalence and Incidence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Age of Onset
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Risk Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Protective Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dopaminergic System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Substantia Nigra Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Striatal Dopamine Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Motor Circuit Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Alpha-Synuclein Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lewy Body Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protein Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell-to-Cell Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Non-Dopaminergic Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cholinergic System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Noradrenergic System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Serotonergic System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Motor Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rest Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Action Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tremor Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Rigidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lead-Pipe Rigidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cogwheel Rigidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Distribution Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Bradykinesia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Slowness of Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Decreased Amplitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fatigue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Postural Instability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Balance Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Falls Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gait Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Non-Motor Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Autonomic Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Orthostatic Hypotension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Constipation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Urinary Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sexual Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sleep Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insomnia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anxiety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Apathy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Psychosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cognitive Impairment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Executive Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Visuospatial Deficits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dementia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sensory Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anosmia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Restless Legs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Diagnostic Approach
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. UK Brain Bank Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. MDS Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Differential Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Essential Tremor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Atypical Parkinsonism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Diagnostic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. DaTscan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pharmacological Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Levodopa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Formulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Side Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Motor Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dopamine Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pramipexole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ropinirole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rotigotine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Side Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. MAO-B Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Selegiline
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rasagiline
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Safinamide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. COMT Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Entacapone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tolcapone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Anticholinergics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Trihexyphenidyl
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Benztropine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Amantadine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Indications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Surgical Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Deep Brain Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Target Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Patient Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Programming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Lesioning Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pallidotomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Thalamotomy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Non-Pharmacological Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Occupational Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Speech Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exercise Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disease Progression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hoehn and Yahr Staging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Motor Complications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wearing-Off
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dyskinesias
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. On-Off Fluctuations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Advanced Disease Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Continuous Dopaminergic Stimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Palliative Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Huntington's Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CAG Repeat Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Inheritance Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Presymptomatic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Huntingtin Protein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Striatal Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cortical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Motor Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chorea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dystonia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bradykinesia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gait Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cognitive Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Executive Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Memory Impairment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dementia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Psychiatric Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Irritability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Psychosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Suicidal Ideation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disease Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Presymptomatic Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Early Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Middle Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Late Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Symptomatic Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Multidisciplinary Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Genetic Counseling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Family Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Multiple System Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Alpha-Synuclein Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Glial Cytoplasmic Inclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Subtypes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. MSA-P (Parkinsonian)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. MSA-C (Cerebellar)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tau Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Brainstem Involvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vertical Gaze Palsy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Postural Instability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cognitive Impairment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Corticobasal Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tau Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Asymmetric Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Asymmetric Rigidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Apraxia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alien Limb Phenomenon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Diagnostic Approach
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Motor Neuron Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Epidemiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Incidence and Prevalence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Age of Onset
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Geographic Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pathophysiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Motor Neuron Degeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Protein Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxidative Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neuroinflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genetic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Clinical Presentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Upper Motor Neuron Signs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hyperreflexia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pathological Reflexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Lower Motor Neuron Signs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Weakness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fasciculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hyporeflexia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Bulbar Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dysarthria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dysphagia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sialorrhea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Respiratory Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dyspnea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Respiratory Failure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Clinical Variants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Limb-Onset ALS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bulbar-Onset ALS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Primary Lateral Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Progressive Muscular Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flail Arm Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flail Leg Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Diagnostic Approach
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. El Escorial Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Awaji Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Electromyography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nerve Conduction Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neuroimaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Laboratory Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disease-Modifying Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Riluzole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Edaravone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Emerging Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Symptomatic Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sialorrhea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pseudobulbar Affect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Respiratory Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-Invasive Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Invasive Ventilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cough Assist
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nutritional Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Swallowing Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feeding Tubes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutritional Counseling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Multidisciplinary Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physical Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Occupational Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Speech Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Social Work
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. End-of-Life Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advance Directives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Palliative Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hospice Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Spinal Muscular Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. SMN1 Gene Deletions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. SMN2 Copy Number
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Type I (Werdnig-Hoffmann)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Type II (Intermediate)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Type III (Kugelberg-Welander)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Type IV (Adult-Onset)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease-Modifying Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Supportive Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Primary Lateral Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diagnostic Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Progressive Muscular Atrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diagnostic Approach
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Management

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cerebrovascular Disease: Stroke

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. Demyelinating and Inflammatory Disorders