Stroke and Neurological Disorders

2.

Cerebrovascular Disease: Stroke

2.1.

Definition and Epidemiology

2.1.1.

Stroke Definition

2.1.1.1.

2.1.1.2.

Clinical Criteria

2.1.1.3.

Tissue-Based Definition

2.1.2.

Epidemiological Measures

2.1.2.1.

Incidence Rates

2.1.2.2.

Prevalence Data

2.1.2.3.

Age-Adjusted Rates

2.1.3.

2.1.3.1.

Worldwide Statistics

2.1.3.2.

Regional Variations

2.1.3.3.

Developing vs Developed Countries

2.1.4.

Mortality and Morbidity

2.1.4.1.

Case Fatality Rates

2.1.4.2.

Disability-Adjusted Life Years

2.1.4.3.

Economic Burden

2.1.5.

Temporal Trends

2.1.5.1.

Changing Incidence

2.1.5.2.

Mortality Trends

2.1.5.3.

Risk Factor Evolution

2.2.

Stroke Classification

2.2.1.

Ischemic Stroke

2.2.1.1.

Large Artery Atherosclerosis

2.2.1.1.1.

Extracranial Carotid Disease

2.2.1.1.2.

Intracranial Atherosclerosis

2.2.1.1.3.

Vertebrobasilar Disease

2.2.1.2.

2.2.1.2.1.

Atrial Fibrillation

2.2.1.2.2.

Valvular Heart Disease

2.2.1.2.3.

2.2.1.2.4.

Paradoxical Embolism

2.2.1.3.

Small Vessel Disease

2.2.1.3.1.

Lacunar Infarcts

2.2.1.3.2.

Microangiopathy

2.2.1.3.3.

2.2.1.4.

Other Determined Etiology

2.2.1.4.1.

Arterial Dissection

2.2.1.4.2.

2.2.1.4.3.

Hypercoagulable States

2.2.1.4.4.

Sickle Cell Disease

2.2.1.5.

Cryptogenic Stroke

2.2.1.5.1.

Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source

2.2.1.5.2.

Diagnostic Workup

2.2.2.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

2.2.2.1.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

2.2.2.1.1.

2.2.2.1.1.1.

Hypertensive Hemorrhage

2.2.2.1.1.2.

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

2.2.2.1.1.3.

Lobar Hemorrhage

2.2.2.1.2.

2.2.2.1.2.1.

Arteriovenous Malformations

2.2.2.1.2.2.

Aneurysmal Rupture

2.2.2.1.2.3.

Tumor-Related Hemorrhage

2.2.2.1.2.4.

Anticoagulant-Related

2.2.2.1.3.

Location-Based Classification

2.2.2.1.3.1.

Deep Hemorrhage

2.2.2.1.3.2.

Lobar Hemorrhage

2.2.2.1.3.3.

Cerebellar Hemorrhage

2.2.2.1.3.4.

Brainstem Hemorrhage

2.2.2.2.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

2.2.2.2.1.

2.2.2.2.1.1.

Saccular Aneurysms

2.2.2.2.1.2.

Fusiform Aneurysms

2.2.2.2.1.3.

Mycotic Aneurysms

2.2.2.2.2.

Non-Aneurysmal SAH

2.2.2.2.2.1.

Perimesencephalic SAH

2.2.2.2.2.2.

Arteriovenous Malformations

2.2.2.2.2.3.

Spinal Vascular Malformations

2.2.3.

Transient Ischemic Attack

2.2.3.1.

Definition Evolution

2.2.3.2.

Time-Based vs Tissue-Based

2.2.3.3.

Clinical Significance

2.2.3.4.

Risk Stratification

2.2.3.4.1.

2.2.3.4.2.

Imaging Findings

2.3.

Pathophysiology

2.3.1.

Ischemic Pathophysiology

2.3.1.1.

Cerebral Blood Flow Thresholds

2.3.1.1.1.

Normal CBF Values

2.3.1.1.2.

Ischemic Penumbra

2.3.1.1.3.

2.3.1.2.

Ischemic Cascade

2.3.1.2.1.

2.3.1.2.1.1.

2.3.1.2.1.2.

Ion Pump Failure

2.3.1.2.1.3.

Membrane Depolarization

2.3.1.2.2.

2.3.1.2.2.1.

Glutamate Release

2.3.1.2.2.2.

NMDA Receptor Activation

2.3.1.2.2.3.

2.3.1.2.3.

Oxidative Stress

2.3.1.2.3.1.

Free Radical Formation

2.3.1.2.3.2.

Lipid Peroxidation

2.3.1.2.3.3.

Antioxidant Depletion

2.3.1.2.4.

2.3.1.2.4.1.

Microglial Activation

2.3.1.2.4.2.

Cytokine Release

2.3.1.2.4.3.

Leukocyte Infiltration

2.3.1.2.5.

2.3.1.2.5.1.

Caspase Activation

2.3.1.2.5.2.

DNA Fragmentation

2.3.1.2.5.3.

Cell Death Pathways

2.3.1.2.6.

Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption

2.3.1.2.6.1.

Tight Junction Breakdown

2.3.1.2.6.2.

Vasogenic Edema

2.3.1.2.6.3.

Hemorrhagic Transformation

2.3.1.3.

Collateral Circulation

2.3.1.3.1.

Primary Collaterals

2.3.1.3.2.

Secondary Collaterals

2.3.1.3.3.

Collateral Assessment

2.3.2.

Hemorrhagic Pathophysiology

2.3.2.1.

Vessel Rupture Mechanisms

2.3.2.1.1.

Hypertensive Changes

2.3.2.1.2.

Amyloid Deposition

2.3.2.1.3.

Structural Abnormalities

2.3.2.2.

Hematoma Formation

2.3.2.2.1.

Initial Bleeding

2.3.2.2.2.

Hematoma Expansion

2.3.2.2.3.

2.3.2.3.

Secondary Injury

2.3.2.3.1.

Perihematomal Edema

2.3.2.3.2.

Inflammatory Response

2.3.2.3.3.

Toxic Effects of Blood

2.3.2.3.4.

2.3.2.4.

Intracranial Pressure

2.3.2.4.1.

Monro-Kellie Doctrine

2.3.2.4.2.

Herniation Syndromes

2.3.2.4.3.

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

2.4.

Risk Factors and Etiology

2.4.1.

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

2.4.1.1.

2.4.1.1.1.

Age-Related Changes

2.4.1.1.2.

Stroke Risk by Decade

2.4.1.2.

2.4.1.2.1.

Sex Differences in Risk

2.4.1.2.2.

Hormonal Influences

2.4.1.2.3.

Pregnancy-Related Stroke

2.4.1.3.

Race and Ethnicity

2.4.1.3.1.

Population-Specific Risks

2.4.1.3.2.

Genetic Factors

2.4.1.3.3.

Environmental Influences

2.4.1.4.

Genetic Factors

2.4.1.4.1.

Single Gene Disorders

2.4.1.4.2.

Polygenic Risk Scores

2.4.1.4.3.

Family History Impact

2.4.2.

Modifiable Risk Factors

2.4.2.1.

2.4.2.1.1.

Blood Pressure Targets

2.4.2.1.2.

Antihypertensive Medications

2.4.2.1.3.

Resistant Hypertension

2.4.2.2.

Atrial Fibrillation

2.4.2.2.1.

Stroke Risk Assessment

2.4.2.2.2.

Anticoagulation Decisions

2.4.2.2.3.

Rhythm vs Rate Control

2.4.2.3.

Diabetes Mellitus

2.4.2.3.1.

Glycemic Control

2.4.2.3.2.

Diabetic Complications

2.4.2.3.3.

Medication Effects

2.4.2.4.

2.4.2.4.1.

2.4.2.4.2.

2.4.2.4.3.

Novel Lipid Therapies

2.4.2.5.

2.4.2.5.1.

Dose-Response Relationship

2.4.2.5.2.

Cessation Benefits

2.4.2.5.3.

Secondhand Smoke

2.4.2.6.

Physical Inactivity

2.4.2.6.1.

Exercise Recommendations

2.4.2.6.2.

Sedentary Behavior

2.4.2.7.

2.4.2.7.1.

BMI and Stroke Risk

2.4.2.7.2.

Abdominal Obesity

2.4.2.7.3.

Weight Loss Benefits

2.4.2.8.

Alcohol Consumption

2.4.2.8.1.

2.4.2.8.2.

Heavy Drinking Risks

2.4.2.8.3.

2.4.2.9.

Sleep Disorders

2.4.2.9.1.

2.4.2.9.2.

2.4.2.9.3.

2.4.3.

Emerging Risk Factors

2.4.3.1.

2.4.3.2.

Psychosocial Stress

2.4.3.3.

Inflammatory Markers

2.4.3.4.

2.4.3.5.

Periodontal Disease

2.5.

Clinical Presentation

2.5.1.

General Stroke Symptoms

2.5.1.1.

2.5.1.2.

Focal Neurological Deficits

2.5.1.3.

Time Course Patterns

2.5.1.4.

Severity Assessment

2.5.2.

2.5.2.1.

2.5.2.1.1.

Upper Motor Neuron Signs

2.5.2.1.2.

Distribution Patterns

2.5.2.1.3.

Severity Grading

2.5.2.2.

2.5.2.2.1.

Speech Articulation

2.5.2.2.2.

Bulbar vs Pseudobulbar

2.5.2.3.

2.5.2.3.1.

Swallowing Phases

2.5.2.3.2.

Aspiration Risk

2.5.3.

Sensory Symptoms

2.5.3.1.

Hemisensory Loss

2.5.3.1.1.

Modality-Specific Deficits

2.5.3.1.2.

2.5.3.2.

Visual Field Deficits

2.5.3.2.1.

Homonymous Hemianopia

2.5.3.2.2.

2.5.3.2.3.

Cortical Blindness

2.5.3.3.

2.5.3.3.1.

Central vs Peripheral

2.5.4.

Language Disorders

2.5.4.1.

2.5.4.1.1.

Broca's Aphasia

2.5.4.1.2.

Wernicke's Aphasia

2.5.4.1.3.

2.5.4.1.4.

Conduction Aphasia

2.5.4.2.

Alexia and Agraphia

2.5.4.2.1.

Reading Disorders

2.5.4.2.2.

Writing Disorders

2.5.5.

Cognitive Symptoms

2.5.5.1.

Attention Deficits

2.5.5.2.

Memory Impairment

2.5.5.3.

Executive Dysfunction

2.5.5.4.

Neglect Syndromes

2.5.5.4.1.

Spatial Neglect

2.5.5.4.2.

Personal Neglect

2.5.6.

Behavioral Changes

2.5.6.1.

Emotional Lability

2.5.6.2.

2.5.6.3.

2.5.6.4.

Personality Changes

2.5.7.

Vascular Territory Syndromes

2.5.7.1.

Anterior Cerebral Artery

2.5.7.1.1.

2.5.7.1.2.

Behavioral Changes

2.5.7.1.3.

Urinary Incontinence

2.5.7.2.

Middle Cerebral Artery

2.5.7.2.1.

Superior Division

2.5.7.2.2.

Inferior Division

2.5.7.2.3.

Complete MCA Syndrome

2.5.7.3.

Posterior Cerebral Artery

2.5.7.3.1.

Visual Field Deficits

2.5.7.3.2.

Memory Impairment

2.5.7.3.3.

Alexia without Agraphia

2.5.7.4.

Vertebrobasilar System

2.5.7.4.1.

Brainstem Syndromes

2.5.7.4.2.

Cerebellar Syndromes

2.5.7.4.3.

Cranial Nerve Palsies

2.5.7.5.

Lacunar Syndromes

2.5.7.5.1.

Pure Motor Stroke

2.5.7.5.2.

Pure Sensory Stroke

2.5.7.5.3.

Ataxic Hemiparesis

2.5.7.5.4.

Dysarthria-Clumsy Hand

2.5.8.

Hemorrhagic Stroke Presentation

2.5.8.1.

Headache Characteristics

2.5.8.2.

Nausea and Vomiting

2.5.8.3.

Altered Consciousness

2.5.8.4.

2.5.8.5.

2.6.

Diagnostic Evaluation

2.6.1.

Clinical Assessment

2.6.1.1.

2.6.1.1.1.

2.6.1.1.2.

Risk Factor Assessment

2.6.1.1.3.

Medication History

2.6.1.1.4.

Functional Baseline

2.6.1.2.

Physical Examination

2.6.1.2.1.

2.6.1.2.2.

Cardiovascular Examination

2.6.1.2.3.

Neurological Examination

2.6.2.

Stroke Scales and Scores

2.6.2.1.

NIH Stroke Scale

2.6.2.1.1.

Scale Components

2.6.2.1.2.

Scoring Interpretation

2.6.2.1.3.

Reliability and Validity

2.6.2.2.

Modified Rankin Scale

2.6.2.2.1.

Functional Assessment

2.6.2.2.2.

Outcome Measurement

2.6.2.3.

Glasgow Coma Scale

2.6.2.3.1.

Consciousness Assessment

2.6.2.3.2.

Prognostic Value

2.6.2.4.

2.6.2.4.1.

TIA Risk Stratification

2.6.3.

2.6.3.1.

Computed Tomography

2.6.3.1.1.

Non-Contrast CT

2.6.3.1.1.1.

Hemorrhage Detection

2.6.3.1.1.2.

Early Ischemic Changes

2.6.3.1.1.3.

Contraindications to Thrombolysis

2.6.3.1.2.

2.6.3.1.2.1.

Vessel Occlusion

2.6.3.1.2.2.

Collateral Assessment

2.6.3.1.2.3.

Aneurysm Detection

2.6.3.1.3.

2.6.3.1.3.1.

Penumbra Imaging

2.6.3.1.3.2.

2.6.3.1.3.3.

Mismatch Concepts

2.6.3.2.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2.6.3.2.1.

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging

2.6.3.2.1.1.

Acute Infarct Detection

2.6.3.2.1.2.

2.6.3.2.1.3.

Reversible Changes

2.6.3.2.2.

2.6.3.2.2.1.

Chronic Changes

2.6.3.2.2.2.

2.6.3.2.3.

T2-Weighted Imaging

2.6.3.2.3.1.

Edema Detection

2.6.3.2.3.2.

Chronic Infarcts

2.6.3.2.4.

Gradient Echo Imaging

2.6.3.2.4.1.

2.6.3.2.4.2.

Hemorrhage Detection

2.6.3.2.5.

2.6.3.2.5.1.

2.6.3.2.5.2.

Contrast-Enhanced

2.6.3.2.6.

2.6.3.2.6.1.

Perfusion Parameters

2.6.3.2.6.2.

Mismatch Assessment

2.6.3.3.

Advanced Imaging

2.6.3.3.1.

Vessel Wall Imaging

2.6.3.3.2.

Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging

2.6.3.3.3.

Arterial Spin Labeling

2.6.4.

Laboratory Studies

2.6.4.1.

Routine Laboratory Tests

2.6.4.1.1.

Complete Blood Count

2.6.4.1.2.

Basic Metabolic Panel

2.6.4.1.3.

Liver Function Tests

2.6.4.1.4.

2.6.4.2.

Coagulation Studies

2.6.4.2.1.

2.6.4.2.2.

2.6.4.2.3.

Platelet Function

2.6.4.3.

Cardiac Biomarkers

2.6.4.3.1.

2.6.4.3.2.

2.6.4.4.

Inflammatory Markers

2.6.4.4.1.

2.6.4.4.2.

2.6.4.5.

Specialized Tests

2.6.4.5.1.

Hypercoagulable Workup

2.6.4.5.2.

Vasculitis Markers

2.6.4.5.3.

Genetic Testing

2.6.5.

Cardiac Evaluation

2.6.5.1.

Electrocardiography

2.6.5.1.1.

Rhythm Assessment

2.6.5.1.2.

Ischemic Changes

2.6.5.1.3.

Conduction Abnormalities

2.6.5.2.

Cardiac Monitoring

2.6.5.2.1.

2.6.5.2.2.

Holter Monitoring

2.6.5.2.3.

2.6.5.3.

Echocardiography

2.6.5.3.1.

Transthoracic Echo

2.6.5.3.2.

Transesophageal Echo

2.6.5.3.3.

2.6.5.4.

Advanced Cardiac Imaging

2.6.5.4.1.

2.6.5.4.2.

2.6.6.

Vascular Studies

2.6.6.1.

Carotid Ultrasound

2.6.6.1.1.

Stenosis Assessment

2.6.6.1.2.

Plaque Characterization

2.6.6.2.

Transcranial Doppler

2.6.6.2.1.

Intracranial Stenosis

2.6.6.2.2.

Emboli Detection

2.6.6.2.3.

Vasospasm Monitoring

2.7.

Acute Stroke Management

2.7.1.

Prehospital Care

2.7.1.1.

Stroke Recognition

2.7.1.1.1.

FAST Assessment

2.7.1.1.2.

2.7.1.2.

Transport Decisions

2.7.1.2.1.

Stroke Center Selection

2.7.1.2.2.

Time Considerations

2.7.2.

Emergency Department Management

2.7.2.1.

Triage and Assessment

2.7.2.1.1.

Door-to-Needle Times

2.7.2.1.2.

Rapid Evaluation

2.7.2.2.

Initial Stabilization

2.7.2.2.1.

Airway Management

2.7.2.2.2.

Blood Pressure Control

2.7.2.2.3.

Glucose Management

2.7.2.2.4.

Temperature Control

2.7.3.

Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment

2.7.3.1.

Intravenous Thrombolysis

2.7.3.1.1.

Alteplase Administration

2.7.3.1.2.

Inclusion Criteria

2.7.3.1.3.

Exclusion Criteria

2.7.3.1.4.

Dosing and Monitoring

2.7.3.1.5.

Complications Management

2.7.3.1.5.1.

Symptomatic ICH

2.7.3.1.5.2.

2.7.3.1.5.3.

Systemic Bleeding

2.7.3.2.

Mechanical Thrombectomy

2.7.3.2.1.

Patient Selection

2.7.3.2.1.1.

Large Vessel Occlusion

2.7.3.2.1.2.

2.7.3.2.1.3.

Imaging Criteria

2.7.3.2.2.

Procedural Techniques

2.7.3.2.2.1.

Stent Retrievers

2.7.3.2.2.2.

Aspiration Devices

2.7.3.2.2.3.

Combined Approaches

2.7.3.2.3.

Anesthesia Considerations

2.7.3.2.4.

Post-Procedure Care

2.7.3.3.

Antiplatelet Therapy

2.7.3.3.1.

2.7.3.3.1.1.

Timing and Dosing

2.7.3.3.1.2.

Contraindications

2.7.3.3.2.

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy

2.7.3.3.2.1.

2.7.3.3.2.2.

2.7.3.4.

Anticoagulation

2.7.3.4.1.

Acute Indications

2.7.3.4.2.

Timing Considerations

2.7.3.4.3.

Monitoring Requirements

2.7.4.

Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment

2.7.4.1.

Blood Pressure Management

2.7.4.1.1.

Target Blood Pressures

2.7.4.1.2.

Antihypertensive Agents

2.7.4.1.3.

Monitoring Requirements

2.7.4.2.

Reversal of Anticoagulation

2.7.4.2.1.

Warfarin Reversal

2.7.4.2.1.1.

2.7.4.2.1.2.

Prothrombin Complex Concentrate

2.7.4.2.1.3.

Fresh Frozen Plasma

2.7.4.2.2.

2.7.4.2.2.1.

Specific Antidotes

2.7.4.2.2.2.

General Measures

2.7.4.2.3.

Antiplatelet Reversal

2.7.4.2.3.1.

Platelet Transfusion

2.7.4.2.3.2.

2.7.4.3.

Surgical Interventions

2.7.4.3.1.

Hematoma Evacuation

2.7.4.3.1.1.

2.7.4.3.1.2.

Surgical Techniques

2.7.4.3.1.3.

Minimally Invasive Approaches

2.7.4.3.2.

Decompressive Craniectomy

2.7.4.3.2.1.

2.7.4.3.2.2.

2.7.4.3.2.3.

2.7.4.3.3.

Aneurysm Treatment

2.7.4.3.3.1.

Surgical Clipping

2.7.4.3.3.2.

Endovascular Coiling

2.7.4.3.3.3.

2.7.4.3.4.

Ventriculostomy

2.7.4.3.4.1.

2.7.4.3.4.2.

2.7.5.

General Supportive Care

2.7.5.1.

Neurological Monitoring

2.7.5.1.1.

Neurological Checks

2.7.5.1.2.

2.7.5.1.3.

Seizure Monitoring

2.7.5.2.

Medical Complications Prevention

2.7.5.2.1.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

2.7.5.2.1.1.

Prophylaxis Methods

2.7.5.2.1.2.

Risk Assessment

2.7.5.2.2.

Pneumonia Prevention

2.7.5.2.2.1.

Aspiration Precautions

2.7.5.2.2.2.

Early Mobilization

2.7.5.2.3.

Pressure Ulcer Prevention

2.7.5.2.3.1.

2.7.5.2.3.2.

2.7.5.3.

Nutritional Support

2.7.5.3.1.

Swallowing Assessment

2.7.5.3.2.

Feeding Methods

2.7.5.3.3.

Nutritional Requirements

2.7.5.4.

Bladder and Bowel Management

2.7.5.4.1.

Catheter Management

2.7.5.4.2.

2.8.

Stroke Complications

2.8.1.

Neurological Complications

2.8.1.1.

2.8.1.1.1.

Pathophysiology

2.8.1.1.2.

2.8.1.1.3.

2.8.1.2.

Hemorrhagic Transformation

2.8.1.2.1.

2.8.1.2.2.

2.8.1.2.3.

2.8.1.3.

2.8.1.3.1.

2.8.1.3.2.

2.8.1.3.3.

2.8.1.4.

2.8.1.4.1.

2.8.1.4.2.

Treatment Options

2.8.2.

Medical Complications

2.8.2.1.

Cardiac Complications

2.8.2.1.1.

2.8.2.1.2.

Myocardial Infarction

2.8.2.1.3.

2.8.2.2.

Pulmonary Complications

2.8.2.2.1.

2.8.2.2.2.

Pulmonary Embolism

2.8.2.2.3.

Respiratory Failure

2.8.2.3.

Gastrointestinal Complications

2.8.2.3.1.

2.8.2.3.2.

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

2.8.2.3.3.

2.8.2.4.

Genitourinary Complications

2.8.2.4.1.

Urinary Tract Infections

2.8.2.4.2.

Urinary Retention

2.8.2.4.3.

2.8.2.5.

Metabolic Complications

2.8.2.5.1.

2.8.2.5.2.

2.8.2.5.3.

2.9.

Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation

2.9.1.

Neuroplasticity Principles

2.9.1.1.

Mechanisms of Recovery

2.9.1.1.1.

Diaschisis Resolution

2.9.1.1.2.

Collateral Sprouting

2.9.1.1.3.

Synaptic Plasticity

2.9.1.1.4.

2.9.1.2.

Factors Affecting Recovery

2.9.1.2.1.

2.9.1.2.2.

Lesion Size and Location

2.9.1.2.3.

2.9.1.2.4.

Rehabilitation Intensity

2.9.1.3.

Critical Periods

2.9.1.3.1.

2.9.1.3.2.

2.9.1.3.3.

2.9.2.

Rehabilitation Team

2.9.2.1.

2.9.2.1.1.

Medical Management

2.9.2.1.2.

Rehabilitation Planning

2.9.2.2.

Physical Therapy

2.9.2.2.1.

Mobility Assessment

2.9.2.2.2.

2.9.2.2.3.

Strength Training

2.9.2.2.4.

Balance Training

2.9.2.3.

Occupational Therapy

2.9.2.3.1.

Activities of Daily Living

2.9.2.3.2.

Cognitive Rehabilitation

2.9.2.3.3.

Adaptive Equipment

2.9.2.3.4.

2.9.2.4.

Speech-Language Pathology

2.9.2.4.1.

Aphasia Treatment

2.9.2.4.2.

Dysarthria Treatment

2.9.2.4.3.

Swallowing Therapy

2.9.2.4.4.

Cognitive-Communication

2.9.2.5.

Neuropsychology

2.9.2.5.1.

Cognitive Assessment

2.9.2.5.2.

Cognitive Rehabilitation

2.9.2.5.3.

Behavioral Interventions

2.9.2.6.

2.9.2.6.1.

Discharge Planning

2.9.2.6.2.

Resource Coordination

2.9.2.6.3.

2.9.3.

Rehabilitation Settings

2.9.3.1.

Acute Rehabilitation

2.9.3.1.1.

Inpatient Rehabilitation

2.9.3.1.2.

Admission Criteria

2.9.3.1.3.

2.9.3.2.

Subacute Rehabilitation

2.9.3.2.1.

Skilled Nursing Facilities

2.9.3.2.2.

2.9.3.3.

Outpatient Rehabilitation

2.9.3.3.1.

Outpatient Clinics

2.9.3.3.2.

2.9.3.3.3.

Community Programs

2.9.4.

Specific Impairment Management

2.9.4.1.

2.9.4.1.1.

Hemiparesis Treatment

2.9.4.1.2.

Spasticity Management

2.9.4.1.3.

Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy

2.9.4.1.4.

Robotic Therapy

2.9.4.2.

Language Recovery

2.9.4.2.1.

Aphasia Types and Treatment

2.9.4.2.2.

Alternative Communication

2.9.4.2.3.

Technology-Assisted Therapy

2.9.4.3.

Cognitive Recovery

2.9.4.3.1.

Attention Training

2.9.4.3.2.

Memory Strategies

2.9.4.3.3.

Executive Function Training

2.9.4.4.

Swallowing Recovery

2.9.4.4.1.

Dysphagia Assessment

2.9.4.4.2.

Swallowing Strategies

2.9.4.4.3.

Diet Modifications

2.9.5.

Long-Term Outcomes

2.9.5.1.

Functional Outcomes

2.9.5.1.1.

Independence Measures

2.9.5.1.2.

Quality of Life

2.9.5.2.

2.9.5.2.1.

Vocational Rehabilitation

2.9.5.2.2.

Workplace Modifications

2.9.5.3.

Driving Assessment

2.9.5.3.1.

Cognitive Requirements

2.9.5.3.2.

Physical Requirements

2.9.5.3.3.

Adaptive Equipment

2.10.

Secondary Stroke Prevention

2.10.1.

Risk Factor Modification

2.10.1.1.

Blood Pressure Control

2.10.1.1.1.

Target Blood Pressures

2.10.1.1.2.

Antihypertensive Medications

2.10.1.1.3.

Lifestyle Modifications

2.10.1.2.

Lipid Management

2.10.1.2.1.

2.10.1.2.2.

2.10.1.2.3.

Non-Statin Therapies

2.10.1.3.

Diabetes Management

2.10.1.3.1.

Glycemic Control

2.10.1.3.2.

Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

2.10.1.4.

Smoking Cessation

2.10.1.4.1.

2.10.1.4.2.

Pharmacotherapy

2.10.1.4.3.

Support Programs

2.10.1.5.

Weight Management

2.10.1.5.1.

Diet Modifications

2.10.1.5.2.

Exercise Programs

2.10.1.5.3.

Bariatric Surgery

2.10.2.

Antithrombotic Therapy

2.10.2.1.

Antiplatelet Agents

2.10.2.1.1.

2.10.2.1.2.

2.10.2.1.3.

2.10.2.1.4.

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy

2.10.2.2.

Anticoagulation

2.10.2.2.1.

Atrial Fibrillation

2.10.2.2.2.

Other Indications

2.10.2.2.3.

Bleeding Risk Assessment

2.10.2.2.4.

Monitoring Requirements

2.10.3.

Surgical Interventions

2.10.3.1.

Carotid Endarterectomy

2.10.3.1.1.

2.10.3.1.2.

Surgical Technique

2.10.3.1.3.

2.10.3.1.4.

2.10.3.2.

Carotid Artery Stenting

2.10.3.2.1.

Patient Selection

2.10.3.2.2.

Procedural Considerations

2.10.3.2.3.

Comparison with CEA

2.10.3.3.

Intracranial Stenting

2.10.3.3.1.

2.10.3.3.2.

2.10.3.3.3.

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3. Neurodegenerative Disorders