Sociolinguistics

  1. Language Contact and Multilingualism
    1. Multilingual Societies
      1. Diglossia
        1. High and Low Varieties
          1. Functional Distribution
            1. Classical Diglossia
              1. Extended Diglossia
              2. Bilingualism
                1. Individual Bilingualism
                  1. Coordinate Bilingualism
                    1. Compound Bilingualism
                      1. Subordinate Bilingualism
                      2. Societal Bilingualism
                        1. Stable Bilingualism
                          1. Transitional Bilingualism
                          2. Balanced vs. Dominant Bilingualism
                            1. Sequential vs. Simultaneous Bilingualism
                            2. Multilingualism
                              1. Societal Multilingualism
                                1. Multilingual Repertoires
                                  1. Linguistic Landscapes
                                2. Language Contact Phenomena
                                  1. Borrowing
                                    1. Lexical Borrowing
                                      1. Loanwords
                                        1. Calques
                                          1. Loan Translations
                                          2. Structural Borrowing
                                            1. Phonological Borrowing
                                              1. Morphological Borrowing
                                                1. Syntactic Borrowing
                                              2. Code-switching
                                                1. Intersentential Code-switching
                                                  1. Intrasentential Code-switching
                                                    1. Tag-switching
                                                      1. Emblematic Code-switching
                                                        1. Motivations for Code-switching
                                                          1. Situational Code-switching
                                                            1. Metaphorical Code-switching
                                                          2. Code-mixing
                                                            1. Distinction from Code-switching
                                                              1. Social Functions
                                                                1. Structural Constraints
                                                              2. Language Creation
                                                                1. Pidgins
                                                                  1. Features of Pidgins
                                                                    1. Reduced Grammar
                                                                      1. Limited Vocabulary
                                                                        1. Variable Structure
                                                                        2. Social Contexts of Pidgin Formation
                                                                          1. Trade Pidgins
                                                                            1. Plantation Pidgins
                                                                            2. Creoles
                                                                              1. Creolization Process
                                                                                1. Features of Creoles
                                                                                  1. Expanded Grammar
                                                                                    1. Stable Structure
                                                                                      1. Native Speakers
                                                                                      2. The Creole Continuum
                                                                                        1. Basilect
                                                                                          1. Mesolect
                                                                                            1. Acrolect
                                                                                              1. Decreolization
                                                                                            2. Mixed Languages
                                                                                              1. Examples of Mixed Languages
                                                                                                1. Social Contexts
                                                                                                  1. Structural Properties
                                                                                                2. Language Shift and Language Death
                                                                                                  1. Causes of Language Shift
                                                                                                    1. Economic Factors
                                                                                                      1. Political Factors
                                                                                                        1. Social Factors
                                                                                                          1. Educational Factors
                                                                                                          2. Language Endangerment
                                                                                                            1. Criteria for Endangerment
                                                                                                              1. UNESCO Vitality Scale
                                                                                                                1. Documentation Efforts
                                                                                                                  1. Archival Projects
                                                                                                                  2. Language Revitalization
                                                                                                                    1. Revitalization Strategies
                                                                                                                      1. Maintenance Programs
                                                                                                                        1. Immersion Schools
                                                                                                                          1. Community-based Programs
                                                                                                                          2. Language Death
                                                                                                                            1. Gradual Language Death
                                                                                                                              1. Sudden Language Death
                                                                                                                                1. Bottom-up vs. Top-down Death

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                                                                                                                            3. Language Change

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                                                                                                                            5. Language, Power, and Ideology