Sociolinguistics

2.

Language Variation and Social Factors

2.1.

Social Class and Socioeconomic Status

2.1.1.

Defining Social Class

2.1.1.1.

Objective Measures

2.1.1.2.

Subjective Measures

2.1.1.3.

Composite Indices

2.1.2.

Linguistic Markers

2.1.3.

Linguistic Indicators

2.1.4.

Linguistic Stereotypes

2.1.5.

2.1.5.1.

2.1.5.2.

Covert Prestige

2.1.5.3.

Market Value of Linguistic Capital

2.1.6.

Stigma and Stigmatized Varieties

2.1.7.

Hypercorrection

2.1.7.1.

Individual Hypercorrection

2.1.7.2.

Group Hypercorrection

2.1.8.

Social Network Theory

2.1.8.1.

Network Density

2.1.8.2.

Network Plexity

2.1.8.3.

2.1.8.4.

2.1.8.5.

Weak Ties vs. Strong Ties

2.2.

Gender and Sexuality

2.2.1.

Early Approaches to Language and Gender

2.2.1.1.

2.2.1.2.

Dominance Model

2.2.1.3.

Difference Model

2.2.1.4.

2.2.2.

Language and Gender as Performance

2.2.2.1.

Gender Performativity

2.2.2.2.

Indexicality and Gender

2.2.2.3.

Stance and Identity

2.2.3.

Language and Masculinity

2.2.3.1.

Hegemonic Masculinity

2.2.3.2.

Alternative Masculinities

2.2.4.

Language and Femininity

2.2.4.1.

Traditional Feminine Speech Patterns

2.2.4.2.

Challenging Gender Norms

2.2.5.

Language and Queer Identities

2.2.5.1.

Lavender Linguistics

2.2.5.2.

Non-binary and Trans Linguistic Practices

2.2.5.3.

Polari and Gay Argot

2.2.6.

Common Areas of Study

2.2.6.1.

Phonological Variation and Gender

2.2.6.2.

Lexical Choices and Gender

2.2.6.3.

Conversational Strategies and Gender

2.2.6.3.1.

2.2.6.3.2.

2.2.6.3.3.

2.2.6.3.4.

2.2.6.3.5.

2.3.

2.3.1.

2.3.1.1.

Stable Age-grading

2.3.1.2.

Unstable Age-grading

2.3.2.

Apparent-Time vs. Real-Time Studies

2.3.2.1.

Methodological Differences

2.3.2.2.

Interpretive Challenges

2.3.3.

Language Change Across Generations

2.3.3.1.

Generational Effects

2.3.3.2.

2.3.4.

2.3.4.1.

2.3.4.2.

Innovation and Diffusion

2.3.4.3.

Peer Group Influence

2.3.5.

2.3.5.1.

Age-related Linguistic Changes

2.3.5.2.

Accommodation Patterns

2.4.

Ethnicity and Race

2.4.1.

2.4.1.1.

Defining Ethnolects

2.4.1.2.

Structural Features

2.4.1.3.

Social Functions

2.4.2.

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

2.4.2.1.

Phonological Features of AAVE

2.4.2.2.

Grammatical Features of AAVE

2.4.2.3.

Lexical Features of AAVE

2.4.2.4.

Social and Political Context of AAVE

2.4.2.5.

Educational Implications

2.4.3.

Chicano English

2.4.3.1.

Phonological Characteristics

2.4.3.2.

Grammatical Features

2.4.3.3.

2.4.4.

2.4.4.1.

Regional Variations

2.4.4.2.

Substrate Influence

2.4.5.

Asian American English Varieties

2.4.5.1.

Chinese American English

2.4.5.2.

Korean American English

2.4.5.3.

Vietnamese American English

2.4.6.

Code-switching and Identity

2.4.6.1.

Identity Construction

2.4.6.2.

Intra-group Communication

2.4.6.3.

Inter-group Communication

2.4.7.

2.4.7.1.

Definition and Examples

2.4.7.2.

Social Implications

2.4.8.

2.4.8.1.

Performative Aspects

2.4.8.2.

Stereotyping and Parody

2.5.

Style and Register

2.5.1.

2.5.1.1.

Individual Style

2.5.1.2.

2.5.2.

Defining Register

2.5.2.1.

2.5.2.2.

2.5.2.3.

2.5.3.

Audience Design

2.5.3.1.

Speaker Adjustment to Audience

2.5.3.2.

2.5.4.

2.5.4.1.

Identity and Self-presentation

2.5.4.2.

Persona Construction

2.5.5.

Formality and Informality

2.5.5.1.

Formal Registers

2.5.5.2.

Informal Registers

2.5.5.3.

Contextual Factors

2.5.6.

Specialized Varieties

2.5.6.1.

2.5.6.2.

2.5.6.3.

2.5.6.4.

Professional Registers

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1. Introduction to Sociolinguistics

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3. Language Change