Sociolinguistics

  1. Language Change
    1. Mechanisms of Language Change
      1. Change from Above
        1. Conscious Change
          1. Institutional Influence
          2. Change from Below
            1. Unconscious Change
              1. Grassroots Innovation
              2. Internal vs. External Motivation
                1. System-internal Pressures
                  1. Contact-induced Change
                2. Studying Language Change
                  1. Apparent-Time Studies
                    1. Methodology
                      1. Assumptions
                        1. Limitations
                        2. Real-Time Studies
                          1. Panel Studies
                            1. Trend Studies
                              1. Longitudinal Approaches
                            2. Models of Language Change
                              1. The S-Curve Model of Change
                                1. Stages of Adoption
                                  1. Diffusion Patterns
                                    1. Mathematical Modeling
                                    2. Wave Model
                                      1. Geographic Diffusion
                                        1. Social Diffusion
                                      2. Lexical Diffusion
                                        1. Gradual Spread of Change
                                          1. Lexical Frequency Effects
                                            1. Phonological Conditioning
                                            2. Grammaticalization
                                              1. Processes of Grammaticalization
                                                1. Pathways of Grammaticalization
                                                  1. Examples of Grammaticalization
                                                    1. Unidirectionality Hypothesis
                                                    2. Sound Change
                                                      1. Regular Sound Change
                                                        1. Sporadic Sound Change
                                                          1. Conditioned vs. Unconditioned Change
                                                          2. Syntactic Change
                                                            1. Word Order Change
                                                              1. Grammatical Category Changes
                                                                1. Construction Grammar Approaches

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                                                              2. Language Variation and Social Factors

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                                                              4. Language Contact and Multilingualism