Second Language Acquisition

  1. Individual Learner Differences
    1. Age Factors
      1. Critical Period Hypothesis
        1. Biological Foundations
          1. Neuroplasticity
            1. Evidence and Controversies
            2. Age of Onset Effects
              1. Pronunciation
                1. Grammar
                  1. Vocabulary
                    1. Pragmatics
                    2. Ultimate Attainment
                      1. Native-like Proficiency
                        1. Exceptional Learners
                      2. Language Aptitude
                        1. Definition of Aptitude
                          1. Components of Aptitude
                            1. Phonemic Coding Ability
                              1. Grammatical Sensitivity
                                1. Rote Learning Ability
                                  1. Inductive Learning Ability
                                  2. Aptitude Testing
                                    1. Modern Language Aptitude Test
                                      1. Cognitive Ability for Novelty in Acquisition
                                      2. Aptitude-Treatment Interaction
                                      3. Motivation
                                        1. Definitions and Theories
                                          1. Types of Motivation
                                            1. Integrative Motivation
                                              1. Instrumental Motivation
                                                1. Intrinsic Motivation
                                                  1. Extrinsic Motivation
                                                  2. Motivational Models
                                                    1. Gardner's Socio-Educational Model
                                                      1. Dörnyei's Process Model
                                                        1. L2 Motivational Self System
                                                        2. Motivation and Achievement
                                                        3. Personality Traits
                                                          1. Extroversion vs Introversion
                                                            1. Anxiety
                                                              1. Foreign Language Anxiety
                                                                1. Debilitating vs Facilitating Anxiety
                                                                  1. Measurement and Effects
                                                                  2. Risk-Taking
                                                                    1. Empathy
                                                                      1. Self-Esteem
                                                                        1. Inhibition
                                                                        2. Learning Styles and Strategies
                                                                          1. Cognitive Styles
                                                                            1. Field Independence vs Dependence
                                                                              1. Reflectivity vs Impulsivity
                                                                                1. Analytical vs Holistic
                                                                                2. Learning Strategies
                                                                                  1. Cognitive Strategies
                                                                                    1. Metacognitive Strategies
                                                                                      1. Social Strategies
                                                                                        1. Affective Strategies
                                                                                        2. Strategy Training
                                                                                          1. Strategy Effectiveness

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                                                                                        3. Major Theoretical Frameworks in SLA

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                                                                                        5. The Learning Environment and External Factors