Reproductive Biology

  1. Comparative Reproductive Biology
    1. Invertebrate Reproductive Strategies
      1. Fertilization Modes
        1. External Fertilization
          1. Internal Fertilization
          2. Reproductive Patterns
            1. Broadcast Spawning
              1. Copulation
                1. Sperm Packets
                2. Sex Determination
                  1. Environmental Sex Determination
                    1. Genetic Sex Determination
                    2. Hermaphroditism
                      1. Simultaneous Hermaphroditism
                        1. Sequential Hermaphroditism
                          1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                          2. Parental Care
                            1. Egg Guarding
                              1. Brooding
                                1. Feeding Offspring
                              2. Vertebrate Reproductive Diversity
                                1. Fish Reproduction
                                  1. Oviparity
                                    1. Ovoviviparity
                                      1. Viviparity
                                        1. Spawning Behaviors
                                          1. Parental Care Patterns
                                          2. Amphibian Reproduction
                                            1. Aquatic Reproduction
                                              1. Terrestrial Adaptations
                                                1. Metamorphosis
                                                  1. Parental Care
                                                  2. Reptilian Reproduction
                                                    1. Amniotic Egg
                                                      1. Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination
                                                        1. Viviparity in Reptiles
                                                          1. Reproductive Cycles
                                                          2. Avian Reproduction
                                                            1. Egg Structure and Function
                                                              1. Courtship Behaviors
                                                                1. Nesting Strategies
                                                                  1. Incubation Patterns
                                                                    1. Parental Care
                                                                    2. Mammalian Reproduction
                                                                      1. Placental Types
                                                                        1. Gestation Periods
                                                                          1. Reproductive Cycles
                                                                            1. Parental Investment
                                                                          2. Plant Reproductive Biology
                                                                            1. Asexual Reproduction
                                                                              1. Vegetative Propagation
                                                                                1. Runners and Stolons
                                                                                  1. Bulbs and Tubers
                                                                                    1. Fragmentation
                                                                                    2. Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
                                                                                      1. Flower Structure
                                                                                        1. Sepals
                                                                                          1. Petals
                                                                                            1. Stamens
                                                                                              1. Pistils
                                                                                              2. Microsporogenesis
                                                                                                1. Megasporogenesis
                                                                                                  1. Pollination Mechanisms
                                                                                                    1. Wind Pollination
                                                                                                      1. Animal Pollination
                                                                                                        1. Self-Pollination
                                                                                                        2. Double Fertilization
                                                                                                          1. Seed Development
                                                                                                            1. Fruit Formation
                                                                                                            2. Reproductive Cycles
                                                                                                              1. Annual Plants
                                                                                                                1. Perennial Plants
                                                                                                                  1. Seasonal Timing

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                                                                                                              6. Pregnancy and Fetal Development

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                                                                                                              8. Applied Reproductive Biology