Plant Pathology

  1. Abiotic Disorders
    1. Environmental Stress Factors
      1. Temperature Extremes
        1. Heat Stress
          1. Frost and Cold Injury
          2. Moisture Extremes
            1. Drought Stress
              1. Flooding and Waterlogging
              2. Oxygen Deficiency
                1. Causes and Effects
              3. Nutrient Imbalances
                1. Macronutrient Deficiencies
                  1. Nitrogen Deficiency
                    1. Phosphorus Deficiency
                      1. Potassium Deficiency
                      2. Micronutrient Deficiencies
                        1. Iron Deficiency
                          1. Zinc Deficiency
                            1. Manganese Deficiency
                            2. Nutrient Toxicities
                              1. Excess Fertilizer Effects
                                1. Specific Toxicities
                              2. Chemical Injury
                                1. Herbicide Damage
                                  1. Types of Herbicides
                                    1. Symptoms of Injury
                                    2. Air Pollution
                                      1. Ozone Injury
                                        1. Sulfur Dioxide Injury
                                          1. Other Pollutants
                                          2. Soil pH and Salinity Issues
                                            1. Acidic and Alkaline Soils
                                              1. Salt Injury and Salinization
                                            2. Mechanical Injury
                                              1. Physical Damage
                                                1. Animal and Human Activity

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                                              3. Biotic Causes of Plant Disease

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                                              5. Pathogenesis and Disease Cycles