Plant Molecular Biology

  1. Applications in Plant Biotechnology
    1. Crop Improvement
      1. Herbicide Resistance
        1. Glyphosate Resistance
          1. EPSPS Gene
            1. Mechanism of Action
            2. Glufosinate Resistance
              1. PAT Gene
              2. 2,4-D Resistance
              3. Insect Resistance
                1. Bt Toxins
                  1. Cry Proteins
                    1. Mode of Action
                      1. Resistance Management
                      2. Protease Inhibitors
                        1. Lectins
                        2. Disease Resistance
                          1. Antifungal Proteins
                            1. Chitinases
                              1. Glucanases
                              2. Antimicrobial Peptides
                                1. RNA Interference
                                  1. Targeting Pathogen Genes
                                2. Abiotic Stress Tolerance
                                  1. Drought Tolerance
                                    1. Osmolyte Accumulation
                                      1. Water Use Efficiency
                                      2. Salt Tolerance
                                        1. Ion Transport Modification
                                          1. Compatible Solutes
                                          2. Temperature Tolerance
                                            1. Heat Shock Proteins
                                              1. Membrane Stabilization
                                          3. Nutritional Enhancement
                                            1. Biofortification
                                              1. Vitamin A Enhancement
                                                1. Golden Rice
                                                  1. Carotenoid Biosynthesis
                                                  2. Iron Fortification
                                                    1. Ferritin Overexpression
                                                      1. Iron Transport Enhancement
                                                      2. Zinc Fortification
                                                        1. Protein Quality Improvement
                                                          1. Essential Amino Acids
                                                            1. High-Lysine Corn
                                                          2. Reduction of Antinutrients
                                                            1. Phytic Acid Reduction
                                                              1. Allergen Reduction
                                                            2. Industrial Applications
                                                              1. Molecular Farming
                                                                1. Pharmaceutical Proteins
                                                                  1. Vaccines
                                                                    1. Antibodies
                                                                      1. Therapeutic Proteins
                                                                      2. Industrial Enzymes
                                                                        1. Cellulases
                                                                          1. Amylases
                                                                          2. Biopolymers
                                                                            1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
                                                                              1. Modified Starch
                                                                            2. Biofuel Production
                                                                              1. Cellulosic Ethanol
                                                                                1. Cell Wall Modification
                                                                                  1. Lignin Reduction
                                                                                  2. Biodiesel
                                                                                    1. Oil Content Enhancement
                                                                                      1. Fatty Acid Modification
                                                                                    2. Specialty Chemicals
                                                                                      1. Natural Products
                                                                                        1. Flavor Compounds
                                                                                          1. Pigments
                                                                                        2. Breeding Technologies
                                                                                          1. Marker-Assisted Selection
                                                                                            1. Molecular Markers
                                                                                              1. SNPs
                                                                                                1. SSRs
                                                                                                  1. InDels
                                                                                                  2. QTL Mapping
                                                                                                    1. Marker Validation
                                                                                                    2. Genomic Selection
                                                                                                      1. Prediction Models
                                                                                                        1. Training Populations
                                                                                                          1. Implementation Strategies
                                                                                                          2. Speed Breeding
                                                                                                            1. Controlled Environment
                                                                                                              1. Generation Acceleration
                                                                                                            2. Regulatory and Safety Considerations
                                                                                                              1. Biosafety Assessment
                                                                                                                1. Environmental Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                  1. Food Safety Evaluation
                                                                                                                    1. Allergenicity Testing
                                                                                                                    2. Regulatory Frameworks
                                                                                                                      1. Approval Processes
                                                                                                                        1. Labeling Requirements
                                                                                                                          1. International Harmonization
                                                                                                                          2. Containment Strategies
                                                                                                                            1. Physical Containment
                                                                                                                              1. Biological Containment
                                                                                                                                1. Gene Flow Prevention
                                                                                                                                2. Public Acceptance
                                                                                                                                  1. Risk Communication
                                                                                                                                    1. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                                                      1. Ethical Considerations

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                                                                                                                                  7. Techniques and Technologies in Plant Molecular Biology

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                                                                                                                                  1. Foundations of Plant Molecular Biology