Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology

  1. Genetic Engineering and Plant Biotechnology
    1. Core Techniques and Tools
      1. Recombinant DNA Technology
        1. Restriction Enzymes
          1. Type II Restriction Endonucleases
            1. Recognition Sequences
            2. DNA Ligation
              1. T4 DNA Ligase
                1. Ligation Strategies
              2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
                1. Standard PCR
                  1. PCR Components
                    1. Thermal Cycling
                    2. Quantitative PCR
                      1. Real-Time PCR
                        1. Data Analysis
                        2. Reverse Transcription PCR
                          1. cDNA Synthesis
                            1. Gene Expression Analysis
                          2. DNA Sequencing
                            1. Sanger Sequencing
                              1. Next-Generation Sequencing
                                1. Sequence Analysis
                                2. Gene Cloning
                                  1. Vector Construction
                                    1. Plasmid Vectors
                                      1. Selection Markers
                                      2. Plasmid and Binary Vectors
                                        1. Ti Plasmid-Based Vectors
                                          1. Gateway Cloning
                                      3. Plant Transformation Methods
                                        1. Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation
                                          1. T-DNA Transfer Mechanism
                                            1. Vir Gene Functions
                                              1. T-DNA Integration
                                              2. Binary Vector Systems
                                                1. Helper Plasmids
                                                  1. Disarmed Ti Plasmids
                                                2. Biolistics
                                                  1. Principles and Applications
                                                    1. Particle Bombardment Parameters
                                                    2. Protoplast Transformation
                                                      1. Protoplast Isolation
                                                        1. Cell Wall Digestion
                                                          1. Osmotic Stabilization
                                                          2. DNA Uptake Methods
                                                            1. Polyethylene Glycol Method
                                                              1. Electroporation
                                                          3. Gene Editing Technologies
                                                            1. CRISPR-Cas9 System
                                                              1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                1. Cas9 Nuclease Activity
                                                                  1. PAM Sequence Recognition
                                                                  2. Guide RNA Design
                                                                    1. Target Site Selection
                                                                      1. Off-Target Prediction
                                                                      2. Off-Target Effects
                                                                        1. Detection Methods
                                                                          1. Minimization Strategies
                                                                        2. Zinc-Finger Nucleases
                                                                          1. Structure and Function
                                                                            1. Target Site Recognition
                                                                            2. Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases
                                                                              1. Structure and Function
                                                                                1. DNA Binding Specificity
                                                                              2. Applications in Crop Improvement
                                                                                1. Herbicide Resistance
                                                                                  1. Mechanisms and Examples
                                                                                    1. Glyphosate Resistance
                                                                                      1. Glufosinate Resistance
                                                                                    2. Insect Resistance
                                                                                      1. Bt Toxins
                                                                                        1. Cry Proteins
                                                                                          1. Mode of Action
                                                                                          2. Transgenic Crops
                                                                                            1. Bt Corn
                                                                                              1. Bt Cotton
                                                                                            2. Disease Resistance
                                                                                              1. Pathogen-Resistance Genes
                                                                                                1. R Gene Cloning
                                                                                                  1. Broad-Spectrum Resistance
                                                                                                2. Enhanced Nutritional Value
                                                                                                  1. Biofortification Strategies
                                                                                                    1. Vitamin A Enhancement
                                                                                                      1. Iron and Zinc Fortification
                                                                                                    2. Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                      1. Drought and Salinity Tolerance
                                                                                                        1. Cold and Heat Tolerance
                                                                                                        2. Molecular Farming
                                                                                                          1. Production of Pharmaceuticals
                                                                                                            1. Antibodies
                                                                                                              1. Vaccines
                                                                                                              2. Industrial Enzymes
                                                                                                                1. Cellulases
                                                                                                                  1. Lipases
                                                                                                              3. Regulation and Biosafety of Genetically Modified Plants
                                                                                                                1. Regulatory Frameworks
                                                                                                                  1. International Guidelines
                                                                                                                    1. National Regulations
                                                                                                                    2. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                        1. Food Safety Assessment
                                                                                                                        2. Environmental Impact
                                                                                                                          1. Gene Flow
                                                                                                                            1. Non-Target Effects
                                                                                                                            2. Public Perception and Acceptance
                                                                                                                              1. Consumer Attitudes
                                                                                                                                1. Labeling Requirements

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                                                                                                                            7. Plant Genomics and Bioinformatics

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                                                                                                                            9. Advanced and Emerging Topics