Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology

  1. Plant Responses to the Environment
    1. Abiotic Stress Responses
      1. Drought and Water Stress
        1. Sensing and Signaling Pathways
          1. Osmotic Stress Sensing
            1. ABA-Dependent Pathways
              1. ABA-Independent Pathways
              2. Gene Expression Changes
                1. Stress-Responsive Genes
                  1. Transcription Factors
                  2. Physiological Adaptations
                    1. Osmotic Adjustment
                      1. Stomatal Regulation
                    2. Salinity Stress
                      1. Ion Homeostasis
                        1. Sodium Exclusion
                          1. Potassium Retention
                          2. Osmoprotectant Synthesis
                            1. Proline Accumulation
                              1. Glycine Betaine
                            2. Temperature Stress
                              1. Heat Stress Response
                                1. Heat Shock Proteins
                                  1. Membrane Stability
                                  2. Cold Stress Response
                                    1. Cold Acclimation
                                      1. Antifreeze Proteins
                                      2. Chilling Sensitivity
                                      3. Light Stress and Photoprotection
                                        1. High Light and UV Stress
                                          1. Photoprotective Pigments
                                            1. Anthocyanins
                                              1. Carotenoids
                                              2. Non-Photochemical Quenching
                                              3. Nutrient Deficiency
                                                1. Sensing and Signaling
                                                  1. Nitrogen Sensing
                                                    1. Phosphorus Sensing
                                                    2. Adaptive Responses
                                                      1. Root Architecture Changes
                                                        1. Transporter Regulation
                                                    3. Biotic Stress Responses
                                                      1. Plant-Pathogen Interactions
                                                        1. Recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
                                                          1. Pattern Recognition Receptors
                                                            1. PAMP-Triggered Immunity
                                                            2. Effector-Triggered Immunity
                                                              1. R Gene Recognition
                                                                1. Resistance Protein Structure
                                                                2. Gene-for-Gene Resistance
                                                                  1. Flor's Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis
                                                                    1. Molecular Basis
                                                                    2. Systemic Acquired Resistance
                                                                      1. Salicylic Acid Signaling
                                                                      2. Hypersensitive Response
                                                                        1. Programmed Cell Death
                                                                          1. Reactive Oxygen Species
                                                                        2. Plant-Herbivore Interactions
                                                                          1. Chemical and Physical Defenses
                                                                            1. Secondary Metabolites
                                                                              1. Structural Defenses
                                                                              2. Induced Defense Responses
                                                                                1. Jasmonate Signaling
                                                                                  1. Volatile Organic Compounds
                                                                                2. Symbiotic Interactions
                                                                                  1. Rhizobia-Legume Symbiosis
                                                                                    1. Nodulation Process
                                                                                      1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                      2. Mycorrhizal Associations
                                                                                        1. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
                                                                                          1. Ectomycorrhizae
                                                                                          2. Genetic Regulation of Symbiosis
                                                                                            1. Nod Factor Signaling
                                                                                              1. Common Symbiosis Pathway
                                                                                          3. Light Perception and Signaling
                                                                                            1. Photoreceptors
                                                                                              1. Phytochromes
                                                                                                1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                  1. Red/Far-Red Light Perception
                                                                                                    1. Role in Seedling Development and Shade Avoidance
                                                                                                    2. Cryptochromes
                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                        1. Blue Light Perception
                                                                                                          1. Role in Circadian Rhythms
                                                                                                          2. Phototropins
                                                                                                            1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                              1. Blue Light Responses
                                                                                                                1. Role in Phototropism
                                                                                                                2. UVR8
                                                                                                                  1. UV-B Perception
                                                                                                                    1. UV-B Response Pathway
                                                                                                                  2. Photoperiodism
                                                                                                                    1. Mechanisms of Daylength Sensing
                                                                                                                      1. Circadian Clock Integration
                                                                                                                        1. External Coincidence Model
                                                                                                                        2. Regulation of Flowering Time
                                                                                                                          1. Long-Day Plants
                                                                                                                            1. Short-Day Plants
                                                                                                                            2. Vernalization
                                                                                                                              1. Cold Requirement for Flowering
                                                                                                                                1. Epigenetic Regulation

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                                                                                                                          5. Plant Development and Gene Regulation

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                                                                                                                          7. Plant Genomics and Bioinformatics