Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information and measurements about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images. By capturing overlapping photographs of a subject from multiple viewpoints, specialized software can analyze parallax and perspective to triangulate the precise three-dimensional coordinates of points on its surface. This process generates highly accurate and detailed outputs, such as 3D point clouds, textured digital models, and orthomosaic maps, making it an essential tool in fields like civil engineering, surveying, and architecture for tasks including topographic mapping, as-built documentation, construction monitoring, and volume calculations.

1. Introduction to Photogrammetry
   1. Definition and Core Concepts
      1. Photogrammetry as Measurement from Images
      2. Principles of Image Geometry
      3. Scale in Photogrammetry
      4. Photogrammetric Products Overview
   2. Historical Development
      1. Early Analog Photogrammetry
         1. Use of Stereoscopes
         2. Film Cameras and Glass Plate Negatives
         3. Manual Plotting Instruments
      2. Analytical Photogrammetry
         1. Introduction of Computers
         2. Analytical Plotters
         3. Mathematical Modeling of Image Geometry
      3. Digital Revolution
         1. Digital Cameras and Sensors
         2. Automated Image Processing
         3. Software Development and Workflow Automation
   3. Classification of Photogrammetry
      1. By Measurement Type
         1. Metric Photogrammetry
         2. Interpretive Photogrammetry
      2. By Platform and Distance
         1. Aerial Photogrammetry
         2. Terrestrial Photogrammetry
         3. Close-Range Photogrammetry
         4. Satellite Photogrammetry
      3. By Image Orientation
         1. Vertical Photography
         2. Oblique Photography
   4. Comparison with Other Remote Sensing Technologies
      1. LiDAR Technology
         1. Principles of Laser Ranging
         2. Strengths and Limitations
      2. Terrestrial Laser Scanning
         1. Point Cloud Generation Methods
         2. Integration Possibilities
      3. Radar and SAR Systems
         1. Synthetic Aperture Radar Principles
         2. Complementary Applications