Ornithology

  1. Flight and Locomotion
    1. Aerodynamic Principles
      1. Forces of Flight
        1. Lift Generation
          1. Drag Forces
            1. Thrust Production
              1. Weight Considerations
              2. Wing Aerodynamics
                1. Airfoil Shape
                  1. Camber Effects
                    1. Angle of Attack
                  2. Flight Types and Mechanics
                    1. Gliding Flight
                      1. Static Soaring
                        1. Dynamic Soaring
                          1. Thermal Utilization
                          2. Flapping Flight
                            1. Wingbeat Mechanics
                              1. Power Requirements
                                1. Efficiency Factors
                                2. Hovering Flight
                                  1. Hummingbird Adaptations
                                    1. Energetic Costs
                                      1. Wing Kinematics
                                    2. Wing Morphology and Performance
                                      1. Wing Shape Categories
                                        1. Elliptical Wings
                                          1. High-speed Wings
                                            1. High-aspect-ratio Wings
                                              1. Slotted High-lift Wings
                                              2. Wing Parameters
                                                1. Wing Loading
                                                  1. Aspect Ratio
                                                    1. Performance Relationships
                                                  2. Non-flight Locomotion
                                                    1. Terrestrial Locomotion
                                                      1. Walking Mechanics
                                                        1. Hopping Patterns
                                                          1. Running Adaptations
                                                          2. Aquatic Locomotion
                                                            1. Swimming Techniques
                                                              1. Diving Adaptations
                                                                1. Buoyancy Control
                                                                2. Arboreal Locomotion
                                                                  1. Climbing Adaptations
                                                                    1. Foot Morphology
                                                                      1. Tail Support Functions

                                                                  Previous

                                                                  3. Avian Evolution and Systematics

                                                                  Go to top

                                                                  Next

                                                                  5. Avian Behavior and Ethology