Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the subdiscipline of chemistry focused on the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-containing compounds, which form the basis of all known life. This field is exceptionally vast due to carbon's unique ability to form stable covalent bonds with itself and other elements, leading to an immense variety of complex molecules ranging from simple hydrocarbons to intricate biomolecules like DNA and proteins. Its principles are fundamental not only to biology and medicine but also to industries such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, and petrochemicals, making it a cornerstone of modern science and technology.

1. Fundamentals of Structure and Bonding
   1. Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
      1. Subatomic Particles
         1. Protons
         2. Neutrons
         3. Electrons
      2. Atomic Number and Mass Number
      3. Isotopes
      4. Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
         1. Wave-Particle Duality
         2. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
      5. Quantum Numbers
         1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
         2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l)
         3. Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
         4. Spin Quantum Number (ms)
      6. Atomic Orbitals
         1. s Orbitals
         2. p Orbitals
         3. d Orbitals
         4. f Orbitals
      7. Electron Configuration
         1. Aufbau Principle
         2. Pauli Exclusion Principle
         3. Hund's Rule
         4. Electron Configuration Notation
         5. Noble Gas Notation
      8. Periodic Trends
         1. Atomic Radius
         2. Ionization Energy
         3. Electron Affinity
         4. Electronegativity
         5. Metallic Character
   2. Chemical Bonding in Organic Compounds
      1. Types of Chemical Bonds
         1. Ionic Bonds
         2. Covalent Bonds
         3. Metallic Bonds
      2. Covalent Bonding
         1. Formation of Covalent Bonds
         2. Sigma (σ) Bonds
         3. Pi (π) Bonds
         4. Bond Order
      3. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
         1. Polar Covalent Bonds
         2. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
         3. Dipole Moments
      4. Lewis Structures
         1. Drawing Lewis Structures
         2. Octet Rule
         3. Exceptions to the Octet Rule
         4. Formal Charge
            1. Calculating Formal Charge
            2. Using Formal Charge to Evaluate Structures
      5. Resonance Theory
         1. Resonance Structures
         2. Curved Arrow Notation
         3. Rules for Drawing Resonance Structures
         4. Evaluating Resonance Contributors
            1. Charge Separation
            2. Octet Completion
            3. Electronegativity Considerations
         5. Resonance Hybrids
         6. Delocalization Energy
   3. Molecular Geometry and Hybridization
      1. VSEPR Theory
         1. Electron Domain Geometry
         2. Molecular Geometry
         3. Common Molecular Shapes
            1. Linear
            2. Trigonal Planar
            3. Tetrahedral
            4. Trigonal Bipyramidal
            5. Octahedral
         4. Effect of Lone Pairs
      2. Hybridization
         1. Concept of Hybridization
         2. sp3 Hybridization
            1. Tetrahedral Geometry
            2. Bond Angles
         3. sp2 Hybridization
            1. Trigonal Planar Geometry
            2. Bond Angles
         4. sp Hybridization
            1. Linear Geometry
            2. Bond Angles
         5. Hybridization in Multiple Bonds
      3. Bond Properties
         1. Bond Length
         2. Bond Strength
         3. Relationship Between Bond Order and Properties
   4. Molecular Orbital Theory
      1. Basic Principles
         1. Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)
         2. Bonding Orbitals
         3. Antibonding Orbitals
      2. MO Diagrams
         1. Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
         2. Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
      3. MO Theory for Organic Molecules
         1. Conjugated Systems
         2. Aromaticity and MO Theory
         3. Delocalized π Systems
   5. Intermolecular Forces
      1. Types of Intermolecular Forces
         1. London Dispersion Forces
         2. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
         3. Hydrogen Bonding
         4. Ion-Dipole Interactions
      2. Factors Affecting Intermolecular Forces
         1. Molecular Size
         2. Molecular Shape
         3. Polarity
      3. Effects on Physical Properties
         1. Boiling Point
         2. Melting Point
         3. Vapor Pressure
         4. Solubility
         5. Viscosity