Organic Chemistry

11.

Carbonyl Chemistry: Aldehydes and Ketones

11.1.

Structure and Properties

11.1.1.

Carbonyl Group Geometry

11.1.2.

Physical Properties

11.1.3.

Spectroscopic Properties

11.2.

11.2.1.

11.2.2.

11.3.

Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones

11.3.1.

Oxidation of Alcohols

11.3.2.

Ozonolysis of Alkenes

11.3.3.

Hydration of Alkynes

11.3.4.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

11.4.

Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

11.4.1.

General Mechanism

11.4.2.

11.4.2.1.

11.4.2.2.

11.4.3.

Acetal and Ketal Formation

11.4.3.1.

11.4.3.2.

Protecting Groups

11.4.4.

Imine Formation

11.4.4.1.

11.4.4.2.

11.4.5.

Enamine Formation

11.4.5.1.

Secondary Amines

11.4.5.2.

11.4.6.

Cyanohydrin Formation

11.4.7.

Addition of Organometallic Reagents

11.4.7.1.

Grignard Reagents

11.4.7.2.

Organolithium Reagents

11.4.7.3.

11.4.7.4.

Stereochemistry

11.4.8.

Reduction Reactions

11.4.8.1.

Metal Hydride Reduction

11.4.8.1.1.

Sodium Borohydride

11.4.8.1.2.

Lithium Aluminum Hydride

11.4.8.2.

Catalytic Hydrogenation

11.4.9.

Wittig Reaction

11.4.9.1.

11.4.9.2.

Stereochemistry

11.5.

Oxidation of Aldehydes

11.5.1.

To Carboxylic Acids

11.5.2.

Oxidizing Agents

11.5.3.

11.5.4.

Benedict's Test

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12. Carbonyl Chemistry: Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives