Organic Chemistry

2.

Introduction to Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

2.1.

What is Organic Chemistry

2.1.1.

Definition and Scope

2.1.2.

Importance of Carbon

2.1.3.

Tetravalency of Carbon

2.2.

Classification of Organic Compounds

2.2.1.

2.2.1.1.

Saturated Hydrocarbons

2.2.1.2.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

2.2.2.

Heteroatom-Containing Compounds

2.3.

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

2.3.1.

Structure of Alkanes

2.3.1.1.

Homologous Series

2.3.1.2.

General Formula

2.3.2.

Nomenclature of Alkanes

2.3.2.1.

2.3.2.2.

Straight-Chain Alkanes

2.3.2.3.

Branched Alkanes

2.3.2.4.

Naming Substituents

2.3.2.5.

Numbering Rules

2.3.2.6.

Common Names vs IUPAC Names

2.3.3.

Physical Properties

2.3.3.1.

2.3.3.2.

2.3.3.3.

2.3.3.4.

2.3.4.

Conformational Analysis

2.3.4.1.

Conformations and Conformers

2.3.4.2.

Newman Projections

2.3.4.3.

Torsional Strain

2.3.4.4.

2.3.4.5.

Conformations of Ethane

2.3.4.6.

Conformations of Propane

2.3.4.7.

Conformations of Butane

2.3.4.7.1.

Anti Conformation

2.3.4.7.2.

Gauche Conformation

2.3.4.7.3.

Eclipsed Conformations

2.3.5.

2.3.5.1.

2.3.5.2.

2.3.5.2.1.

2.3.5.2.2.

Torsional Strain

2.3.5.2.3.

2.3.5.3.

2.3.5.3.1.

2.3.5.3.2.

2.3.5.3.3.

2.3.5.4.

2.3.5.4.1.

Chair Conformation

2.3.5.4.2.

Boat Conformation

2.3.5.4.3.

Twist-Boat Conformation

2.3.5.4.4.

Axial and Equatorial Positions

2.3.5.4.5.

2.3.5.4.6.

Substituted Cyclohexanes

2.3.5.4.7.

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes

2.4.

Alkenes and Alkynes

2.4.1.

Structure of Alkenes

2.4.1.1.

Double Bond Geometry

2.4.1.2.

sp2 Hybridization

2.4.2.

Structure of Alkynes

2.4.2.1.

Triple Bond Geometry

2.4.2.2.

sp Hybridization

2.4.3.

2.4.3.1.

IUPAC Rules for Alkenes

2.4.3.2.

IUPAC Rules for Alkynes

2.4.3.3.

Numbering Systems

2.4.4.

Physical Properties

2.4.5.

Degree of Unsaturation

2.4.5.1.

Calculation Methods

2.4.6.

Isomerism in Alkenes

2.4.6.1.

Geometric Isomerism

2.4.6.2.

Cis-Trans Nomenclature

2.4.6.3.

E/Z Nomenclature

2.4.6.3.1.

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority Rules

2.5.

Aromatic Compounds

2.5.1.

Structure of Benzene

2.5.1.1.

Kekulé Structures

2.5.1.2.

Resonance Description

2.5.1.3.

Molecular Orbital Description

2.5.2.

2.5.2.1.

2.5.2.2.

Criteria for Aromaticity

2.5.2.2.1.

Cyclic Structure

2.5.2.2.2.

2.5.2.2.3.

2.5.2.2.4.

4n+2 π Electrons

2.5.3.

Aromatic Compounds

2.5.3.1.

Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds

2.5.3.2.

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

2.5.4.

Antiaromatic Compounds

2.5.5.

Nonaromatic Compounds

2.6.

Functional Groups

2.6.1.

2.6.1.1.

2.6.1.2.

2.6.2.

2.6.2.1.

2.6.2.2.

2.6.3.

2.6.4.

2.6.5.

2.6.6.

2.6.7.

2.6.7.1.

2.6.7.2.

Secondary Amines

2.6.7.3.

Tertiary Amines

2.6.8.

Carbonyl Compounds

2.6.8.1.

2.6.8.2.

2.6.9.

Carboxylic Acids

2.6.10.

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

2.6.10.1.

2.6.10.2.

2.6.10.3.

2.6.10.4.

2.6.11.

2.6.12.

Nitro Compounds

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3. Stereochemistry