Organic Chemistry

4.

Acids and Bases in Organic Chemistry

4.1.

Acid-Base Theories

4.1.1.

Arrhenius Theory

4.1.2.

Brønsted-Lowry Theory

4.1.2.1.

Proton Donors and Acceptors

4.1.2.2.

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

4.1.3.

4.1.3.1.

Electron Pair Acceptors and Donors

4.2.

Acid Strength and Equilibria

4.2.1.

Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)

4.2.2.

4.2.3.

Relationship Between Ka and pKa

4.2.4.

Water Autoionization

4.2.5.

4.3.

Predicting Acid-Base Reactions

4.3.1.

Direction of Equilibrium

4.3.2.

Relative Acid and Base Strengths

4.3.3.

Equilibrium Constants

4.4.

Structural Effects on Acidity

4.4.1.

Periodic Trends

4.4.1.1.

Element Effects

4.4.1.2.

4.4.2.

Inductive Effects

4.4.2.1.

Electron-Withdrawing Groups

4.4.2.2.

Electron-Donating Groups

4.4.3.

Resonance Effects

4.4.3.1.

Resonance Stabilization of Conjugate Base

4.4.4.

Hybridization Effects

4.4.4.1.

s Character and Acidity

4.4.5.

Solvent Effects

4.4.5.1.

Protic vs Aprotic Solvents

4.5.

Structural Effects on Basicity

4.5.1.

Availability of Lone Pairs

4.5.2.

Inductive Effects on Basicity

4.5.3.

Resonance Effects on Basicity

4.5.4.

Hybridization Effects on Basicity

4.6.

Lewis Acids and Bases in Organic Chemistry

4.6.1.

Common Lewis Acids

4.6.2.

Common Lewis Bases

4.6.3.

Applications in Organic Reactions

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5. Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds