Operating Systems

  1. Process Synchronization
    1. Synchronization Fundamentals
      1. Race Conditions
        1. Concurrent Access Problems
          1. Data Inconsistency
            1. Non-Deterministic Behavior
            2. Critical Section Problem
              1. Critical Section Definition
                1. Solution Requirements
                  1. Mutual Exclusion
                    1. Progress Requirement
                      1. Bounded Waiting
                  2. Software-Based Solutions
                    1. Peterson's Solution
                      1. Two-Process Synchronization
                        1. Algorithm Implementation
                          1. Correctness Proof
                          2. Bakery Algorithm
                            1. Multi-Process Synchronization
                              1. Ticket-Based Approach
                                1. Fairness Guarantee
                              2. Hardware Synchronization Support
                                1. Atomic Instructions
                                  1. Test-and-Set Instruction
                                    1. Compare-and-Swap Instruction
                                      1. Fetch-and-Add Instruction
                                      2. Hardware Lock Implementation
                                        1. Spinlock Mechanisms
                                          1. Lock Performance
                                            1. Hardware Support Benefits
                                          2. Synchronization Primitives
                                            1. Mutex Locks
                                              1. Lock Acquisition
                                                1. Lock Release
                                                  1. Blocking vs Spinning
                                                    1. Lock Implementation
                                                    2. Semaphores
                                                      1. Semaphore Concept
                                                        1. Binary Semaphores
                                                          1. Counting Semaphores
                                                            1. Semaphore Operations
                                                              1. Wait Operation
                                                                1. Signal Operation
                                                                2. Semaphore Implementation
                                                                3. Condition Variables
                                                                  1. Condition Synchronization
                                                                    1. Wait and Signal Operations
                                                                      1. Spurious Wakeups
                                                                    2. Classical Synchronization Problems
                                                                      1. Bounded Buffer Problem
                                                                        1. Producer-Consumer Scenario
                                                                          1. Buffer Management
                                                                            1. Synchronization Requirements
                                                                            2. Readers-Writers Problem
                                                                              1. Multiple Reader Access
                                                                                1. Exclusive Writer Access
                                                                                  1. Priority Variations
                                                                                  2. Dining Philosophers Problem
                                                                                    1. Resource Allocation Model
                                                                                      1. Deadlock Prevention
                                                                                        1. Fairness Considerations
                                                                                      2. High-Level Synchronization
                                                                                        1. Monitors
                                                                                          1. Monitor Structure
                                                                                            1. Procedure Synchronization
                                                                                              1. Condition Variables
                                                                                                1. Monitor Implementation
                                                                                                2. Message Passing Synchronization
                                                                                                  1. Synchronous Messages
                                                                                                    1. Asynchronous Messages
                                                                                                      1. Rendezvous Mechanisms
                                                                                                    2. Deadlock Management
                                                                                                      1. Deadlock Characterization
                                                                                                        1. System Resource Model
                                                                                                          1. Resource Allocation Graph
                                                                                                            1. Deadlock Conditions
                                                                                                              1. Mutual Exclusion
                                                                                                                1. Hold and Wait
                                                                                                                  1. No Preemption
                                                                                                                    1. Circular Wait
                                                                                                                  2. Deadlock Prevention
                                                                                                                    1. Condition Elimination
                                                                                                                      1. Resource Ordering
                                                                                                                        1. Resource Preemption
                                                                                                                        2. Deadlock Avoidance
                                                                                                                          1. Safe State Concept
                                                                                                                            1. Resource Allocation Graph Algorithm
                                                                                                                              1. Banker's Algorithm
                                                                                                                                1. Safety Algorithm
                                                                                                                                  1. Resource Request Algorithm
                                                                                                                                2. Deadlock Detection
                                                                                                                                  1. Detection Algorithms
                                                                                                                                    1. Resource Allocation Graphs
                                                                                                                                      1. Wait-For Graphs
                                                                                                                                      2. Deadlock Recovery
                                                                                                                                        1. Process Termination
                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Preemption
                                                                                                                                            1. Rollback Mechanisms

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                                                                                                                                        4. CPU Scheduling

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                                                                                                                                        6. Memory Management