Operating Systems

  1. Operating System Structures
    1. Operating System Services
      1. User-Oriented Services
        1. Program Execution Support
          1. I/O Operation Management
            1. File System Manipulation
              1. Communication Facilitation
                1. Error Detection and Handling
                2. System-Oriented Services
                  1. Resource Allocation
                    1. System Accounting
                      1. System Logging
                        1. Performance Monitoring
                      2. User and Operating System Interface
                        1. Command-Line Interface
                          1. Shell Programs
                            1. Command Interpreters
                              1. Scripting Capabilities
                                1. Command Syntax
                                2. Graphical User Interface
                                  1. Window Management
                                    1. Icon Systems
                                      1. Pointer Interaction
                                        1. Desktop Environments
                                        2. Touch-Based Interface
                                          1. Gesture Recognition
                                            1. Multi-Touch Support
                                              1. Mobile Interface Design
                                                1. Tablet Interface Optimization
                                              2. System Calls
                                                1. System Call Fundamentals
                                                  1. User-Kernel Interface
                                                    1. Privileged Operation Access
                                                      1. System Call Mechanism
                                                      2. System Call Interface
                                                        1. Application Programming Interface
                                                          1. Library Wrapper Functions
                                                            1. Parameter Passing Methods
                                                            2. System Call Categories
                                                              1. Process Control
                                                                1. Process Creation
                                                                  1. Process Termination
                                                                    1. Program Loading
                                                                      1. Process Synchronization
                                                                      2. File Management
                                                                        1. File Creation and Deletion
                                                                          1. File Opening and Closing
                                                                            1. File Reading and Writing
                                                                              1. File Attribute Management
                                                                              2. Device Management
                                                                                1. Device Request and Release
                                                                                  1. Device I/O Operations
                                                                                    1. Device Status Inquiry
                                                                                    2. Information Maintenance
                                                                                      1. System Data Access
                                                                                        1. Time and Date Services
                                                                                          1. System Status Information
                                                                                          2. Communication
                                                                                            1. Message Passing
                                                                                              1. Shared Memory Access
                                                                                                1. Network Communication
                                                                                            2. System Programs
                                                                                              1. System Utilities
                                                                                                1. File Management Tools
                                                                                                  1. System Monitoring Tools
                                                                                                    1. Performance Analysis Tools
                                                                                                    2. Programming Support
                                                                                                      1. Text Editors
                                                                                                        1. Compilers
                                                                                                          1. Interpreters
                                                                                                            1. Debuggers
                                                                                                            2. Communication Programs
                                                                                                              1. Network Utilities
                                                                                                                1. Remote Access Tools
                                                                                                                  1. File Transfer Programs
                                                                                                                2. Operating System Design and Implementation
                                                                                                                  1. Design Goals
                                                                                                                    1. System Efficiency
                                                                                                                      1. System Reliability
                                                                                                                        1. System Flexibility
                                                                                                                          1. System Portability
                                                                                                                            1. User Convenience
                                                                                                                            2. Implementation Approaches
                                                                                                                              1. Assembly Language Implementation
                                                                                                                                1. High-Level Language Implementation
                                                                                                                                  1. Mixed Language Implementation
                                                                                                                                  2. System Generation
                                                                                                                                    1. Configuration Management
                                                                                                                                      1. Hardware-Specific Adaptation
                                                                                                                                        1. Feature Selection
                                                                                                                                      2. Operating System Architectures
                                                                                                                                        1. Monolithic Structure
                                                                                                                                          1. Single Kernel Design
                                                                                                                                            1. Procedure Call Interface
                                                                                                                                              1. Performance Advantages
                                                                                                                                                1. Maintenance Challenges
                                                                                                                                                2. Layered Approach
                                                                                                                                                  1. Hierarchical Organization
                                                                                                                                                    1. Layer Abstraction
                                                                                                                                                      1. Interface Definition
                                                                                                                                                        1. Debugging Advantages
                                                                                                                                                        2. Microkernel Architecture
                                                                                                                                                          1. Minimal Kernel Design
                                                                                                                                                            1. User-Space Services
                                                                                                                                                              1. Message Passing Communication
                                                                                                                                                                1. System Modularity
                                                                                                                                                                2. Hybrid Kernel Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Monolithic-Microkernel Combination
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Performance Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flexibility Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Modular Kernel Design
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Loadable Kernel Modules
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dynamic System Extension
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Runtime Configuration
                                                                                                                                                                          2. System Boot Process
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bootstrap Process
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Power-On Self-Test
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hardware Initialization
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Boot Device Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Firmware Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. BIOS Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. UEFI Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Firmware Configuration
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Boot Loader Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Operating System Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Kernel Parameter Passing
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Boot Support
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Kernel Initialization
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hardware Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Driver Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. System Service Startup
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. System Startup
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Init Process Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Service Initialization
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. User Environment Setup

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                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Process Management