Neuromotor Control

  1. Control System Principles
    1. Open-Loop Control
      1. Characteristics
        1. No Feedback
          1. Preprogrammed Commands
            1. Fast Execution
            2. Applications
              1. Ballistic Movements
                1. Rapid Movements
                  1. Saccadic Eye Movements
                  2. Anticipatory Postural Adjustments
                    1. Feedforward Control
                      1. Postural Preparation
                      2. Limitations
                        1. No Error Correction
                          1. Environmental Uncertainty
                        2. Closed-Loop Control
                          1. Characteristics
                            1. Feedback-Based
                              1. Error Correction
                                1. Slower Response
                                2. Feedback Types
                                  1. Proprioceptive Feedback
                                    1. Visual Feedback
                                      1. Vestibular Feedback
                                        1. Tactile Feedback
                                        2. Control Loops
                                          1. Negative Feedback
                                            1. Positive Feedback
                                              1. Stability Issues
                                              2. Time Delays
                                                1. Sensory Delays
                                                  1. Processing Delays
                                                    1. Motor Delays
                                                    2. Applications
                                                      1. Precise Movements
                                                        1. Slow Movements
                                                          1. Postural Control
                                                        2. Hybrid Control Systems
                                                          1. Combination Strategies
                                                            1. Switching Between Modes
                                                              1. Optimal Control Selection
                                                              2. Internal Models
                                                                1. Forward Models
                                                                  1. Sensory Prediction
                                                                    1. Efference Copy
                                                                      1. State Estimation
                                                                        1. Motor Imagery
                                                                        2. Inverse Models
                                                                          1. Motor Command Generation
                                                                            1. Desired Outcome Achievement
                                                                            2. Model Learning
                                                                              1. Error-Based Learning
                                                                                1. Adaptation Mechanisms
                                                                                2. MOSAIC Architecture
                                                                                  1. Multiple Paired Models
                                                                                    1. Context-Dependent Selection
                                                                                      1. Modular Organization
                                                                                    2. Optimal Control Theory
                                                                                      1. Cost Functions
                                                                                        1. Minimum Jerk
                                                                                          1. Minimum Energy
                                                                                            1. Minimum Variance
                                                                                              1. Minimum Time
                                                                                              2. Constraints
                                                                                                1. Kinematic Constraints
                                                                                                  1. Dynamic Constraints
                                                                                                    1. Neural Constraints
                                                                                                    2. Stochastic Optimal Control
                                                                                                      1. Signal-Dependent Noise
                                                                                                        1. Uncertainty Handling
                                                                                                        2. Bayesian Approaches
                                                                                                          1. Prior Knowledge
                                                                                                            1. Likelihood Functions
                                                                                                              1. Posterior Estimation

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                                                                                                          2. Neural Substrates of Motor Control

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                                                                                                          4. Sensory Systems for Motor Control