Neuromotor Control

  1. Neural Substrates of Motor Control
    1. Spinal Cord Organization
      1. Anatomical Structure
        1. Gray Matter Organization
          1. White Matter Tracts
            1. Dorsal Horn
              1. Ventral Horn
                1. Intermediate Zone
                2. Spinal Reflexes
                  1. Stretch Reflex
                    1. Muscle Spindle Afferents
                      1. Monosynaptic Pathway
                        1. Alpha Motor Neuron Response
                          1. Functional Significance
                          2. Golgi Tendon Organ Reflex
                            1. Force Sensing
                              1. Polysynaptic Pathway
                                1. Autogenic Inhibition
                                  1. Protective Function
                                  2. Flexion Reflex
                                    1. Nociceptive Stimuli
                                      1. Withdrawal Response
                                        1. Polysynaptic Pathways
                                        2. Crossed Extension Reflex
                                          1. Reciprocal Activation
                                            1. Postural Support
                                          2. Central Pattern Generators
                                            1. Definition and Properties
                                              1. Locomotor CPGs
                                                1. Respiratory CPGs
                                                  1. Neural Mechanisms
                                                    1. Modulation by Descending Input
                                                    2. Spinal Motor Neurons
                                                      1. Alpha Motor Neurons
                                                        1. Large Motor Neurons
                                                          1. Extrafusal Muscle Innervation
                                                            1. Force Generation
                                                            2. Gamma Motor Neurons
                                                              1. Small Motor Neurons
                                                                1. Intrafusal Muscle Innervation
                                                                  1. Spindle Sensitivity
                                                                  2. Alpha-Gamma Coactivation
                                                                    1. Coordinated Control
                                                                      1. Maintained Sensitivity
                                                                    2. Spinal Interneurons
                                                                      1. Inhibitory Interneurons
                                                                        1. Excitatory Interneurons
                                                                          1. Propriospinal Neurons
                                                                            1. Commissural Interneurons
                                                                              1. Renshaw Cells
                                                                            2. Brainstem Motor Control
                                                                              1. Anatomical Organization
                                                                                1. Medulla
                                                                                  1. Pons
                                                                                    1. Midbrain
                                                                                      1. Reticular Formation
                                                                                      2. Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei
                                                                                        1. Oculomotor Complex
                                                                                          1. Trigeminal Motor Nucleus
                                                                                            1. Facial Motor Nucleus
                                                                                              1. Hypoglossal Nucleus
                                                                                              2. Descending Motor Pathways
                                                                                                1. Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                                  1. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                                    1. Anterior Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                                      1. Decussation
                                                                                                        1. Voluntary Movement Control
                                                                                                        2. Rubrospinal Tract
                                                                                                          1. Red Nucleus Origin
                                                                                                            1. Limb Flexor Control
                                                                                                            2. Vestibulospinal Tracts
                                                                                                              1. Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
                                                                                                                1. Medial Vestibulospinal Tract
                                                                                                                  1. Postural Control
                                                                                                                  2. Reticulospinal Tracts
                                                                                                                    1. Pontine Reticulospinal Tract
                                                                                                                      1. Medullary Reticulospinal Tract
                                                                                                                        1. Tone and Posture
                                                                                                                        2. Tectospinal Tract
                                                                                                                          1. Superior Colliculus Origin
                                                                                                                            1. Head-Eye Coordination
                                                                                                                          2. Postural Control Systems
                                                                                                                            1. Vestibular Nuclei
                                                                                                                              1. Postural Reflexes
                                                                                                                                1. Balance Maintenance
                                                                                                                                2. Locomotor Control Centers
                                                                                                                                  1. Mesencephalic Locomotor Region
                                                                                                                                    1. Subthalamic Locomotor Region
                                                                                                                                      1. Gait Initiation and Modulation
                                                                                                                                    2. Cerebral Cortex Motor Areas
                                                                                                                                      1. Primary Motor Cortex
                                                                                                                                        1. Anatomical Location
                                                                                                                                          1. Cytoarchitecture
                                                                                                                                            1. Layer V Pyramidal Neurons
                                                                                                                                              1. Somatotopic Organization
                                                                                                                                                1. Motor Homunculus
                                                                                                                                                  1. Representation Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                  2. Population Vector Hypothesis
                                                                                                                                                    1. Movement Parameter Encoding
                                                                                                                                                      1. Direction
                                                                                                                                                        1. Force
                                                                                                                                                          1. Velocity
                                                                                                                                                        2. Premotor Cortex
                                                                                                                                                          1. Lateral Premotor Area
                                                                                                                                                            1. Externally Triggered Movements
                                                                                                                                                              1. Sensory Guidance
                                                                                                                                                              2. Medial Premotor Area
                                                                                                                                                                1. Internally Generated Movements
                                                                                                                                                                2. Mirror Neuron System
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Action Observation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Action Understanding
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Imitation
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Supplementary Motor Area
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pre-SMA
                                                                                                                                                                        1. SMA Proper
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Movement Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bimanual Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Movement Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Posterior Parietal Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Superior Parietal Lobule
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inferior Parietal Lobule
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sensorimotor Transformation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spatial Attention
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Intention to Move
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Prefrontal Cortex
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Motor Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Executive Control
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Working Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cerebellum
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anatomical Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spinocerebellum
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vermis
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Intermediate Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Limb and Trunk Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cerebrocerebellum
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lateral Hemispheres
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cognitive Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Motor Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Vestibulocerebellum
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flocculonodular Lobe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Balance and Eye Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cerebellar Circuitry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Input Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mossy Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Climbing Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Intrinsic Circuitry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Granule Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Purkinje Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Interneurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Output Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vestibular Nuclei
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Functional Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Motor Learning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Error Correction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Timing and Coordination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Predictive Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Motor Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Basal Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Core Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Striatum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Caudate Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Putamen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nucleus Accumbens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pallidum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Globus Pallidus External
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Globus Pallidus Internal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Subthalamic Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Substantia Nigra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pars Compacta
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pars Reticulata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Functional Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Motor Circuit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Associative Circuit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Limbic Circuit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oculomotor Circuit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Direct and Indirect Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Direct Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Facilitation of Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. D1 Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Indirect Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Inhibition of Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. D2 Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hyperdirect Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rapid Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Neurotransmitter Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dopamine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. GABA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acetylcholine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glutamate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Functional Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Action Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Movement Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Habit Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reinforcement Learning

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Foundations of Neuromotor Control

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Control System Principles