Motor Learning and Control

  1. Motor Learning Principles
    1. Learning vs Performance
      1. Temporary Performance Effects
        1. Relatively Permanent Changes
          1. Learning Measurement
            1. Retention Tests
              1. Transfer Tests
                1. Performance Curves
              2. Stages of Motor Learning
                1. Fitts and Posner Model
                  1. Cognitive Stage
                    1. High Cognitive Demands
                      1. Inconsistent Performance
                        1. Large Errors
                          1. Verbal-Cognitive Strategies
                          2. Associative Stage
                            1. Error Refinement
                              1. Strategy Development
                                1. Improved Consistency
                                  1. Reduced Cognitive Load
                                  2. Autonomous Stage
                                    1. Automatic Execution
                                      1. Dual-Task Capability
                                        1. Consistent Performance
                                          1. Minimal Cognitive Involvement
                                        2. Bernstein's Perspective
                                          1. Freezing Degrees of Freedom
                                            1. Initial Constraint Strategy
                                              1. Simplified Coordination
                                              2. Releasing Degrees of Freedom
                                                1. Increased Flexibility
                                                  1. Improved Efficiency
                                                  2. Exploiting Passive Dynamics
                                                    1. Mechanical Advantage
                                                      1. Energy Efficiency
                                                  3. Practice Structure Effects
                                                    1. Practice Distribution
                                                      1. Massed Practice
                                                        1. Continuous Practice Sessions
                                                          1. Fatigue Effects
                                                            1. Short-Term Benefits
                                                            2. Distributed Practice
                                                              1. Spaced Practice Sessions
                                                                1. Enhanced Retention
                                                                  1. Consolidation Benefits
                                                                2. Practice Variability
                                                                  1. Constant Practice
                                                                    1. Single Task Variant
                                                                      1. Specific Skill Development
                                                                      2. Variable Practice
                                                                        1. Multiple Task Variants
                                                                          1. Schema Development
                                                                            1. Transfer Benefits
                                                                          2. Practice Organization
                                                                            1. Blocked Practice
                                                                              1. Repetitive Task Practice
                                                                                1. Acquisition Benefits
                                                                                  1. Limited Transfer
                                                                                  2. Random Practice
                                                                                    1. Interleaved Task Practice
                                                                                      1. Contextual Interference
                                                                                        1. Enhanced Learning
                                                                                        2. Serial Practice
                                                                                          1. Ordered Task Sequence
                                                                                            1. Intermediate Effects
                                                                                          2. Part vs Whole Practice
                                                                                            1. Task Complexity Considerations
                                                                                              1. Task Organization Factors
                                                                                                1. Attention Demands
                                                                                                  1. Integration Requirements
                                                                                                2. Augmented Feedback
                                                                                                  1. Knowledge of Results
                                                                                                    1. Outcome Information
                                                                                                      1. Goal Achievement Feedback
                                                                                                        1. Motivational Effects
                                                                                                        2. Knowledge of Performance
                                                                                                          1. Movement Quality Information
                                                                                                            1. Technique Feedback
                                                                                                              1. Error Correction Guidance
                                                                                                              2. Feedback Scheduling
                                                                                                                1. Frequency Effects
                                                                                                                  1. Reduced Frequency Benefits
                                                                                                                    1. Guidance Hypothesis
                                                                                                                    2. Timing Effects
                                                                                                                      1. Immediate vs Delayed
                                                                                                                        1. Summary Feedback
                                                                                                                        2. Fading Schedules
                                                                                                                          1. Gradual Reduction
                                                                                                                            1. Independence Development
                                                                                                                          2. Bandwidth Feedback
                                                                                                                            1. Error Tolerance Zones
                                                                                                                              1. Reduced Dependency
                                                                                                                                1. Self-Error Detection
                                                                                                                              2. Transfer of Learning
                                                                                                                                1. Transfer Types
                                                                                                                                  1. Positive Transfer
                                                                                                                                    1. Skill Facilitation
                                                                                                                                      1. Common Elements
                                                                                                                                      2. Negative Transfer
                                                                                                                                        1. Skill Interference
                                                                                                                                          1. Competing Responses
                                                                                                                                          2. Zero Transfer
                                                                                                                                            1. No Skill Interaction
                                                                                                                                          3. Transfer Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                            1. Identical Elements Theory
                                                                                                                                              1. Common Stimulus-Response Elements
                                                                                                                                              2. Transfer Appropriate Processing
                                                                                                                                                1. Processing Similarity
                                                                                                                                                  1. Context Matching
                                                                                                                                                2. Factors Affecting Transfer
                                                                                                                                                  1. Skill Similarity
                                                                                                                                                    1. Practice Conditions
                                                                                                                                                      1. Learning Stage
                                                                                                                                                        1. Individual Differences

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                                                                                                                                                    4. Sensory Contributions to Motor Control

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                                                                                                                                                    6. Theories and Models of Motor Learning