Motor Learning and Control

  1. Neural Foundations of Motor Control
    1. Cortical Motor Areas
      1. Primary Motor Cortex
        1. Somatotopic Organization
          1. Corticospinal Projections
            1. Role in Force Control
              1. Population Vector Hypothesis
              2. Premotor Areas
                1. Lateral Premotor Cortex
                  1. Movement Selection
                    1. Conditional Motor Learning
                    2. Dorsal Premotor Cortex
                      1. Spatial Movement Preparation
                      2. Ventral Premotor Cortex
                        1. Object-Directed Actions
                      3. Supplementary Motor Areas
                        1. Supplementary Motor Area Proper
                          1. Self-Initiated Movements
                            1. Movement Sequences
                            2. Pre-Supplementary Motor Area
                              1. Movement Planning
                                1. Cognitive Control
                              2. Posterior Parietal Cortex
                                1. Sensorimotor Transformations
                                  1. Spatial Attention for Action
                                    1. Intention and Planning
                                  2. Subcortical Motor Structures
                                    1. Basal Ganglia
                                      1. Anatomical Organization
                                        1. Striatum
                                          1. Globus Pallidus
                                            1. Substantia Nigra
                                              1. Subthalamic Nucleus
                                              2. Functional Circuits
                                                1. Direct Pathway
                                                  1. Indirect Pathway
                                                    1. Hyperdirect Pathway
                                                    2. Role in Movement
                                                      1. Action Selection
                                                        1. Movement Initiation
                                                          1. Habit Formation
                                                        2. Cerebellum
                                                          1. Anatomical Divisions
                                                            1. Cerebrocerebellum
                                                              1. Spinocerebellum
                                                                1. Vestibulocerebellum
                                                                2. Functional Roles
                                                                  1. Motor Coordination
                                                                    1. Motor Learning
                                                                      1. Predictive Control
                                                                        1. Error Correction
                                                                      2. Brainstem Motor Centers
                                                                        1. Superior Colliculus
                                                                          1. Orienting Movements
                                                                            1. Eye-Head Coordination
                                                                            2. Reticular Formation
                                                                              1. Postural Control
                                                                                1. Locomotor Rhythms
                                                                                2. Vestibular Nuclei
                                                                                  1. Balance and Orientation
                                                                              2. Spinal Motor Organization
                                                                                1. Spinal Cord Anatomy
                                                                                  1. Gray Matter Organization
                                                                                    1. Motor Neuron Pools
                                                                                      1. Interneuron Networks
                                                                                      2. Descending Motor Pathways
                                                                                        1. Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                          1. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                            1. Anterior Corticospinal Tract
                                                                                              1. Fine Motor Control
                                                                                              2. Rubrospinal Tract
                                                                                                1. Limb Flexor Control
                                                                                                2. Vestibulospinal Tracts
                                                                                                  1. Postural Muscle Control
                                                                                                  2. Reticulospinal Tracts
                                                                                                    1. Axial and Proximal Control
                                                                                                    2. Tectospinal Tract
                                                                                                      1. Head and Neck Movements
                                                                                                    3. Spinal Reflexes
                                                                                                      1. Stretch Reflex
                                                                                                        1. Monosynaptic Pathway
                                                                                                          1. Muscle Spindle Input
                                                                                                            1. Functional Significance
                                                                                                            2. Tendon Reflex
                                                                                                              1. Golgi Tendon Organ Input
                                                                                                                1. Protective Function
                                                                                                                2. Flexor Withdrawal Reflex
                                                                                                                  1. Polysynaptic Organization
                                                                                                                    1. Crossed Extension
                                                                                                                    2. Reciprocal Inhibition
                                                                                                                      1. Antagonist Muscle Control
                                                                                                                    3. Central Pattern Generators
                                                                                                                      1. Locomotor CPGs
                                                                                                                        1. Respiratory CPGs
                                                                                                                          1. Rhythmic Movement Control
                                                                                                                            1. Modulation by Descending Input
                                                                                                                          2. Motor Unit Organization
                                                                                                                            1. Alpha Motor Neurons
                                                                                                                              1. Cell Body Location
                                                                                                                                1. Axonal Properties
                                                                                                                                  1. Innervation Patterns
                                                                                                                                  2. Motor Unit Types
                                                                                                                                    1. Slow-Twitch Units
                                                                                                                                      1. Type I Fibers
                                                                                                                                        1. Fatigue Resistance
                                                                                                                                          1. Force Characteristics
                                                                                                                                          2. Fast-Twitch Oxidative Units
                                                                                                                                            1. Type IIa Fibers
                                                                                                                                              1. Moderate Fatigue Resistance
                                                                                                                                              2. Fast-Twitch Glycolytic Units
                                                                                                                                                1. Type IIx Fibers
                                                                                                                                                  1. High Force, Low Endurance
                                                                                                                                                2. Motor Unit Recruitment
                                                                                                                                                  1. Henneman's Size Principle
                                                                                                                                                    1. Orderly Recruitment Pattern
                                                                                                                                                      1. Force Gradation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                      2. Rate Coding
                                                                                                                                                        1. Firing Frequency Modulation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Force-Frequency Relationship
                                                                                                                                                            1. Temporal Summation

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                                                                                                                                                        1. Introduction to Motor Behavior

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                                                                                                                                                        3. Principles of Motor Control