Metallurgy

  1. Process Metallurgy and Manufacturing
    1. Casting and Solidification Processing
      1. Principles of Metal Casting
        1. Heat Transfer During Solidification
          1. Shrinkage Compensation
            1. Feeding and Risering
            2. Casting Processes
              1. Sand Casting
                1. Green Sand Molding
                  1. Dry Sand Molding
                    1. Pattern Design and Materials
                      1. Core Making
                      2. Investment Casting
                        1. Wax Pattern Production
                          1. Shell Building
                            1. Dewaxing and Firing
                            2. Die Casting
                              1. Hot Chamber Die Casting
                                1. Cold Chamber Die Casting
                                  1. Die Design Considerations
                                  2. Permanent Mold Casting
                                    1. Centrifugal Casting
                                      1. Continuous Casting
                                        1. Process Description
                                          1. Advantages over Ingot Casting
                                        2. Solidification Control
                                          1. Directional Solidification
                                            1. Chill Placement
                                              1. Inoculation
                                                1. Grain Refinement
                                                2. Casting Defects
                                                  1. Gas Porosity
                                                    1. Causes and Prevention
                                                    2. Shrinkage Defects
                                                      1. Macroshrinkage
                                                        1. Microshrinkage
                                                        2. Inclusions
                                                          1. Oxide Inclusions
                                                            1. Sand Inclusions
                                                            2. Hot Tears and Cold Shuts
                                                              1. Misruns and Cold Laps
                                                            3. Metal Forming and Shaping
                                                              1. Fundamentals of Metal Forming
                                                                1. Plastic Flow in Forming
                                                                  1. Strain Rate Effects
                                                                    1. Temperature Effects
                                                                    2. Hot Working vs. Cold Working
                                                                      1. Microstructural Changes
                                                                        1. Property Changes
                                                                          1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                                                          2. Forging
                                                                            1. Open Die Forging
                                                                              1. Equipment and Processes
                                                                              2. Closed Die Forging
                                                                                1. Die Design
                                                                                  1. Flash Formation
                                                                                  2. Upset Forging
                                                                                    1. Press Forging vs. Hammer Forging
                                                                                    2. Rolling
                                                                                      1. Flat Rolling
                                                                                        1. Roll Design
                                                                                          1. Rolling Parameters
                                                                                          2. Shape Rolling
                                                                                            1. Structural Shapes
                                                                                              1. Rails and Bars
                                                                                              2. Ring Rolling
                                                                                                1. Thread Rolling
                                                                                                2. Extrusion
                                                                                                  1. Direct Extrusion
                                                                                                    1. Process Description
                                                                                                      1. Die Design
                                                                                                      2. Indirect Extrusion
                                                                                                        1. Impact Extrusion
                                                                                                          1. Hydrostatic Extrusion
                                                                                                          2. Drawing
                                                                                                            1. Wire Drawing
                                                                                                              1. Die Design
                                                                                                                1. Drawing Sequence
                                                                                                                2. Tube Drawing
                                                                                                                  1. With and Without Mandrel
                                                                                                                  2. Deep Drawing
                                                                                                                    1. Cup Drawing
                                                                                                                      1. Limiting Drawing Ratio
                                                                                                                    2. Sheet Metal Forming
                                                                                                                      1. Bending
                                                                                                                        1. Stretching
                                                                                                                          1. Deep Drawing
                                                                                                                            1. Spinning
                                                                                                                            2. Forming Defects
                                                                                                                              1. Surface Defects
                                                                                                                                1. Internal Defects
                                                                                                                                  1. Dimensional Variations
                                                                                                                                2. Powder Metallurgy
                                                                                                                                  1. Powder Production Methods
                                                                                                                                    1. Atomization
                                                                                                                                      1. Water Atomization
                                                                                                                                        1. Gas Atomization
                                                                                                                                          1. Centrifugal Atomization
                                                                                                                                          2. Mechanical Methods
                                                                                                                                            1. Ball Milling
                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanical Alloying
                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Methods
                                                                                                                                                1. Reduction of Oxides
                                                                                                                                                  1. Precipitation from Solutions
                                                                                                                                                    1. Electrolytic Deposition
                                                                                                                                                  2. Powder Characterization
                                                                                                                                                    1. Particle Size Distribution
                                                                                                                                                      1. Sieve Analysis
                                                                                                                                                        1. Sedimentation Methods
                                                                                                                                                          1. Light Scattering Methods
                                                                                                                                                          2. Particle Shape Analysis
                                                                                                                                                            1. Surface Area Measurement
                                                                                                                                                              1. Flowability Testing
                                                                                                                                                                1. Apparent Density
                                                                                                                                                                2. Powder Compaction
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Die Pressing
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Single-Action Pressing
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Double-Action Pressing
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Isostatic Pressing
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cold Isostatic Pressing
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hot Isostatic Pressing
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Powder Injection Molding
                                                                                                                                                                          3. Sintering
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Solid-State Sintering
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Driving Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sintering Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Densification and Grain Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Liquid Phase Sintering
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wetting and Spreading
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solution-Reprecipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sintering Atmospheres
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protective Atmospheres
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reducing Atmospheres
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sintering Equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Secondary Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sizing and Coining
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Machining
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heat Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Infiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Applications and Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Automotive Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Aerospace Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cutting Tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Magnetic Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Welding and Joining
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fundamentals of Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heat Sources in Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Weld Pool Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Solidification in Welds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Arc Welding Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electrode Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Welding Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Gas Metal Arc Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shielding Gases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Metal Transfer Modes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electrode Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Filler Metal Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Submerged Arc Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flux-Cored Arc Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. High-Energy Density Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Laser Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Laser Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Process Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Electron Beam Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vacuum Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Deep Penetration Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Resistance Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spot Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seam Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Projection Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Solid-State Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Friction Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rotary Friction Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Linear Friction Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Friction Stir Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diffusion Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Explosive Welding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Brazing and Soldering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Brazing Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Torch Brazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Furnace Brazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Induction Brazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Brazing Filler Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soldering Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soldering Alloys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Weld Metallurgy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heat-Affected Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microstructural Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Property Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Weld Metal Solidification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Residual Stresses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Welding Defects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Porosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lack of Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lack of Penetration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hot Cracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cold Cracks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Heat Treatment of Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of Heat Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phase Transformations During Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Phase Transformations During Cooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Kinetics of Transformations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Annealing Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Full Annealing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Heating and Cooling Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Microstructural Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Process Annealing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stress Relief
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Recrystallization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Normalizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Air Cooling Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Grain Refinement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Spheroidizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbide Spheroidization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Hardening Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Austenitizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperature Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Time at Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Quenching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Quenching Media
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Quenching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oil Quenching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Polymer Quenching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gas Quenching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cooling Rate Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Quench Severity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Hardenability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Factors Affecting Hardenability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Jominy End-Quench Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hardenability Bands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Tempering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tempering Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tempering Time Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tempered Martensite Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tempering Embrittlement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Isothermal Heat Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Austempering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Martempering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Surface Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Carburizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gas Carburizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Liquid Carburizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pack Carburizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nitriding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gas Nitriding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Liquid Nitriding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ion Nitriding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Carbonitriding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Induction Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Equipment and Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Flame Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Laser Surface Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Heat Treatment of Non-Ferrous Alloys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aluminum Alloy Heat Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solution Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Copper Alloy Heat Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Titanium Alloy Heat Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Surface Engineering and Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Surface Modification Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanical Surface Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Shot Peening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Surface Rolling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Thermal Surface Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flame Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Laser Surface Melting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Chemical Surface Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Etching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Passivation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Electrochemical Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electroplating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plating Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Current Density Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Throwing Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Electroless Plating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Autocatalytic Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Advantages and Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Anodizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aluminum Anodizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Process Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Thermal Spray Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flame Spraying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Equipment and Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Arc Spraying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plasma Spraying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vacuum Plasma Spraying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spraying
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Vapor Deposition Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Physical Vapor Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Evaporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sputtering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ion Plating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chemical Vapor Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermal CVD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plasma-Enhanced CVD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metal-Organic CVD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Diffusion Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Aluminizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chromizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Siliconizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Organic Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Paint Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Powder Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Applications of Surface Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Corrosion Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wear Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Thermal Barrier Coatings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Decorative Coatings

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7. Ferrous Metallurgy