Memory Management

  1. Non-Contiguous Memory Allocation: Paging
    1. Basic Method
      1. Concept of Paging
        1. Frames (in Physical Memory)
          1. Frame Size Considerations
            1. Frame Allocation Strategies
              1. Frame Management
              2. Pages (in Logical Memory)
                1. Page Size Considerations
                  1. Page Numbering Schemes
                    1. Page Alignment
                    2. Address Translation in Paging
                      1. Page Number Extraction
                        1. Offset Calculation
                          1. Physical Address Formation
                        2. Page Tables
                          1. Purpose and Structure
                            1. Structure of a Page Table Entry (PTE)
                              1. Frame Number
                                1. Present/Absent Bit
                                  1. Protection Bits
                                    1. Read Permission
                                      1. Write Permission
                                        1. Execute Permission
                                        2. Modified (Dirty) Bit
                                          1. Referenced Bit
                                            1. Valid/Invalid Bit
                                            2. Page Table Implementation
                                              1. Page Table Base Register (PTBR)
                                                1. Page Table Length Register (PTLR)
                                                  1. Page Table Storage in Memory
                                                  2. Page Table Size Considerations
                                                  3. Hardware Support for Paging
                                                    1. Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB)
                                                      1. TLB Structure
                                                        1. Associative Memory
                                                          1. Tag and Data Fields
                                                          2. TLB Operation
                                                            1. Address Translation Process
                                                              1. Parallel Search Mechanism
                                                            2. TLB Hit and Miss
                                                              1. Hit Ratio Calculation
                                                                1. Impact on Performance
                                                                  1. Handling TLB Misses
                                                                    1. Hardware-Managed TLB
                                                                      1. Software-Managed TLB
                                                                    2. TLB Management
                                                                      1. TLB Replacement Policies
                                                                        1. TLB Flushing
                                                                      2. Memory Protection in Paging
                                                                        1. Access Rights Enforcement
                                                                          1. Isolation of Processes
                                                                            1. Shared Page Protection
                                                                            2. Advanced Page Table Structures
                                                                              1. Hierarchical Paging
                                                                                1. Two-Level Paging
                                                                                  1. Outer Page Table
                                                                                    1. Inner Page Table
                                                                                      1. Address Translation Process
                                                                                      2. Multi-Level Paging
                                                                                        1. Three-Level Paging
                                                                                          1. Four-Level Paging
                                                                                            1. Address Space Scaling
                                                                                          2. Hashed Page Tables
                                                                                            1. Hash Function Design
                                                                                              1. Collision Handling
                                                                                                1. Chaining Method
                                                                                                  1. Open Addressing
                                                                                                2. Inverted Page Tables
                                                                                                  1. Structure and Operation
                                                                                                    1. Hash Table Implementation
                                                                                                      1. Space Efficiency Benefits
                                                                                                        1. Search Performance

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                                                                                                    3. Contiguous Memory Allocation

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                                                                                                    5. Non-Contiguous Memory Allocation: Segmentation