Memory Management

  1. Contiguous Memory Allocation
    1. Overview of Contiguous Allocation
      1. Memory Layout Requirements
        1. Allocation Strategies
        2. Single-Partition Allocation
          1. Bare-Machine Approach
            1. No Protection or Relocation
              1. Direct Hardware Access
              2. Resident Monitor
                1. OS in Reserved Memory
                  1. User Program in Remaining Memory
                    1. Memory Protection Mechanisms
                  2. Multiple-Partition Allocation
                    1. Fixed-Partition Scheme (MFT)
                      1. Partitioning Strategies
                        1. Equal-Size Partitions
                          1. Unequal-Size Partitions
                          2. Internal Fragmentation Issues
                            1. Partition Assignment Policies
                            2. Dynamic-Partition Scheme (MVT)
                              1. Variable Partition Sizes
                                1. External Fragmentation Issues
                                  1. Partition Merging and Splitting
                                2. Dynamic Storage-Allocation Problem
                                  1. Memory Allocation Algorithms
                                    1. First-Fit Algorithm
                                      1. Operation and Implementation
                                        1. Time Complexity
                                          1. Memory Utilization
                                          2. Best-Fit Algorithm
                                            1. Operation and Implementation
                                              1. Time Complexity
                                                1. Memory Utilization
                                                2. Worst-Fit Algorithm
                                                  1. Operation and Implementation
                                                    1. Time Complexity
                                                      1. Memory Utilization
                                                      2. Next-Fit Algorithm
                                                      3. Comparison of Allocation Algorithms
                                                        1. Performance Metrics
                                                          1. Fragmentation Analysis
                                                        2. Fragmentation
                                                          1. Internal Fragmentation
                                                            1. Causes and Examples
                                                              1. Measurement Techniques
                                                              2. External Fragmentation
                                                                1. Causes and Examples
                                                                  1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                  2. Compaction as a Solution
                                                                    1. Compaction Process
                                                                      1. Memory Copying Operations
                                                                        1. Address Update Requirements
                                                                        2. Limitations and Overheads
                                                                          1. Performance Impact
                                                                            1. System Downtime

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                                                                      2. Address Spaces and Binding

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                                                                      4. Non-Contiguous Memory Allocation: Paging