Materials Characterization Techniques

7.

Surface Analysis and Characterization

7.1.

Surface Topography and Roughness

7.1.1.

Surface Roughness Parameters

7.1.1.1.

Amplitude Parameters

7.1.1.2.

Spacing Parameters

7.1.1.3.

Hybrid Parameters

7.1.2.

Stylus Profilometry

7.1.2.1.

Contact Measurement Principles

7.1.2.2.

Stylus Design and Selection

7.1.2.3.

Measurement Artifacts

7.1.2.4.

Data Filtering and Analysis

7.1.3.

Optical Profilometry

7.1.3.1.

Non-Contact Measurement

7.1.3.2.

White Light Interferometry

7.1.3.3.

Confocal Microscopy

7.1.3.4.

Focus Variation Methods

7.1.4.

Atomic Force Microscopy for Surface Analysis

7.1.4.1.

High-Resolution Topography

7.1.4.2.

Surface Roughness Measurements

7.1.4.3.

Step Height Analysis

7.2.

Surface Chemistry and Composition

7.2.1.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Applications

7.2.1.1.

Surface Composition Analysis

7.2.1.2.

Chemical State Identification

7.2.1.3.

Depth Profiling

7.2.1.4.

Interface Analysis

7.2.2.

Auger Electron Spectroscopy Applications

7.2.2.1.

High Spatial Resolution Analysis

7.2.2.2.

Grain Boundary Chemistry

7.2.2.3.

Segregation Studies

7.2.3.

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Applications

7.2.3.1.

Trace Element Detection

7.2.3.2.

Depth Profiling

7.2.3.3.

Isotopic Analysis

7.2.3.4.

Lateral Distribution Mapping

7.3.

Surface Energy and Wetting

7.3.1.

Contact Angle Measurement

7.3.1.1.

Static Contact Angles

7.3.1.2.

Dynamic Contact Angles

7.3.1.3.

Advancing and Receding Angles

7.3.2.

Surface Energy Determination

7.3.2.1.

Young's Equation

7.3.2.2.

Owens-Wendt Method

7.3.2.3.

Acid-Base Interactions

7.3.3.

Wettability and Adhesion

7.3.3.1.

Work of Adhesion

7.3.3.2.

Spreading Coefficient

7.3.3.3.

Critical Surface Tension

7.4.

Thin Film Characterization

7.4.1.

Film Thickness Measurement

7.4.1.1.

7.4.1.2.

7.4.1.3.

Stylus Profilometry

7.4.1.4.

Cross-Sectional Analysis

7.4.2.

Film Composition and Structure

7.4.2.1.

X-ray Reflectometry

7.4.2.2.

Grazing Incidence Diffraction

7.4.2.3.

Cross-Sectional TEM

7.4.3.

Film Properties

7.4.3.1.

Adhesion Testing

7.4.3.2.

Residual Stress Measurement

7.4.3.3.

Optical Properties

7.5.

Tribological Characterization

7.5.1.

Friction Measurement

7.5.1.1.

Pin-on-Disk Testing

7.5.1.2.

Reciprocating Sliding

7.5.1.3.

Coefficient of Friction

7.5.2.

7.5.2.1.

7.5.2.2.

7.5.2.3.

Wear Rate Determination

7.5.3.

Lubrication Analysis

7.5.3.1.

Boundary Lubrication

7.5.3.2.

Hydrodynamic Lubrication

7.5.3.3.

Lubricant Film Thickness

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8. Advanced and Specialized Techniques