Mandarin Chinese Language Grammar

  1. Aspect and Temporal Expression
    1. Perfective Aspect 了 (le)
      1. Verbal 了
        1. Sentence-Final 了
          1. Completion Marking
            1. Change of State
            2. Experiential Aspect 过 (guò)
              1. Past Experience
                1. Indefinite Time Reference
                  1. Contrast with 了 (le)
                  2. Progressive Aspect
                    1. 在 (zài) Construction
                      1. 正在 (zhèngzài) Construction
                        1. Ongoing Action Indication
                        2. Durative Aspect 着 (zhe)
                          1. Continuous State
                            1. Manner Description
                              1. Simultaneous Actions
                              2. Temporal Adverbs
                                1. Past Time Markers
                                  1. Present Time Markers
                                    1. Future Time Markers
                                      1. Frequency Indicators

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                                    4. Verbs and Verb Phrases

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                                    6. Complement Structures