Internal Combustion Engines

  1. Advanced Engine Technologies
    1. Forced Induction Systems
      1. Supercharging Technology
        1. Positive Displacement Superchargers
          1. Roots Type Superchargers
            1. Twin-Screw Superchargers
              1. Vane Type Superchargers
              2. Centrifugal Superchargers
                1. Impeller Design
                  1. Diffuser Function
                    1. Drive Ratio Considerations
                    2. Supercharger Control Systems
                      1. Bypass Valves
                        1. Clutch Systems
                          1. Variable Drive Ratios
                        2. Turbocharging Technology
                          1. Turbocharger Components
                            1. Turbine Wheel Design
                              1. Compressor Wheel Design
                                1. Bearing Systems
                                  1. Housing Design
                                  2. Turbocharger Control
                                    1. Wastegate Operation
                                      1. Variable Geometry Turbines
                                        1. Electronic Control Systems
                                        2. Charge Air Cooling
                                          1. Intercooler Design
                                            1. Heat Exchanger Types
                                              1. Cooling Effectiveness
                                            2. Forced Induction Effects
                                              1. Volumetric Efficiency Improvement
                                                1. Power Density Increase
                                                  1. Fuel Economy Benefits
                                                    1. Knock Considerations
                                                  2. Variable Valve Timing Systems
                                                    1. Cam Phasing Systems
                                                      1. Hydraulic Actuators
                                                        1. Electric Actuators
                                                          1. Continuous vs Discrete Adjustment
                                                          2. Variable Valve Lift Systems
                                                            1. Cam Profile Switching
                                                              1. Mechanical Lift Variation
                                                                1. Electronic Control Integration
                                                                2. Variable Valve Duration Systems
                                                                  1. Early Intake Valve Closing
                                                                    1. Late Intake Valve Closing
                                                                      1. Exhaust Valve Timing Variation
                                                                      2. System Benefits
                                                                        1. Low-End Torque Improvement
                                                                          1. High-RPM Power Enhancement
                                                                            1. Fuel Economy Optimization
                                                                              1. Emission Reduction
                                                                            2. Alternative Engine Configurations
                                                                              1. Wankel Rotary Engines
                                                                                1. Rotor and Housing Design
                                                                                  1. Sealing System Challenges
                                                                                    1. Combustion Chamber Shape
                                                                                      1. Applications and Limitations
                                                                                      2. Atkinson Cycle Engines
                                                                                        1. Extended Expansion Stroke
                                                                                          1. Efficiency Benefits
                                                                                            1. Power Density Trade-offs
                                                                                              1. Hybrid Application Advantages
                                                                                              2. Miller Cycle Engines
                                                                                                1. Supercharging Integration
                                                                                                  1. Late Intake Valve Closing
                                                                                                    1. Efficiency Improvements
                                                                                                    2. Opposed-Piston Engines
                                                                                                      1. Two-Stroke Operation
                                                                                                        1. Scavenging Advantages
                                                                                                          1. Mechanical Complexity
                                                                                                        2. Advanced Combustion Strategies
                                                                                                          1. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
                                                                                                            1. Autoignition Control
                                                                                                              1. Operating Range Limitations
                                                                                                                1. Fuel Requirements
                                                                                                                  1. Control Challenges
                                                                                                                  2. Stratified Charge Combustion
                                                                                                                    1. Mixture Stratification Methods
                                                                                                                      1. Ignition System Requirements
                                                                                                                        1. Emission Characteristics
                                                                                                                        2. Low Temperature Combustion
                                                                                                                          1. Premixed Charge Compression Ignition
                                                                                                                            1. Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition
                                                                                                                              1. Dual Fuel Strategies
                                                                                                                            2. Hybrid Powertrain Integration
                                                                                                                              1. Parallel Hybrid Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Motor-Generator Placement
                                                                                                                                  1. Torque Blending Strategies
                                                                                                                                    1. Regenerative Braking
                                                                                                                                    2. Series Hybrid Systems
                                                                                                                                      1. Engine-Generator Operation
                                                                                                                                        1. Electric Drive Systems
                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Management
                                                                                                                                          2. Power Split Systems
                                                                                                                                            1. Planetary Gear Integration
                                                                                                                                              1. Continuous Variable Transmission
                                                                                                                                                1. Operating Mode Control
                                                                                                                                                2. Engine Optimization for Hybrid Operation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Atkinson Cycle Implementation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Start-Stop Capability
                                                                                                                                                      1. Thermal Management

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                                                                                                                                                  6. Combustion and Emission Control

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                                                                                                                                                  1. Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines