Internal Combustion Engines

  1. Combustion and Emission Control
    1. Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines
      1. Mixture Preparation
        1. Homogeneous Mixture Formation
          1. Stratified Charge Concepts
            1. Air-Fuel Ratio Control
            2. Ignition and Flame Propagation
              1. Spark Kernel Formation
                1. Flame Front Development
                  1. Burn Rate Characteristics
                  2. Normal Combustion Process
                    1. Flame Speed Factors
                      1. Combustion Duration
                        1. Pressure Rise Characteristics
                        2. Abnormal Combustion
                          1. Knock Phenomenon
                            1. Autoignition Mechanisms
                              1. Knock Intensity Measurement
                                1. Knock Prevention Strategies
                                2. Pre-ignition
                                  1. Hot Spot Formation
                                    1. Surface Ignition Sources
                                      1. Prevention Methods
                                  2. Combustion in Compression-Ignition Engines
                                    1. Fuel Injection Process
                                      1. Spray Formation and Atomization
                                        1. Penetration and Mixing
                                          1. Injection Timing Effects
                                          2. Ignition Characteristics
                                            1. Ignition Delay Period
                                              1. Physical and Chemical Delay
                                                1. Temperature and Pressure Effects
                                                2. Combustion Phases
                                                  1. Premixed Combustion Phase
                                                    1. Diffusion Combustion Phase
                                                      1. Mixing-Controlled Burning
                                                      2. Combustion Chamber Design
                                                        1. Bowl-in-Piston Designs
                                                          1. Swirl and Tumble Generation
                                                            1. Air Motion Effects
                                                          2. Emission Formation Mechanisms
                                                            1. Unburned Hydrocarbons
                                                              1. Quench Layer Formation
                                                                1. Crevice Volume Effects
                                                                  1. Incomplete Combustion Sources
                                                                  2. Carbon Monoxide Formation
                                                                    1. Rich Mixture Combustion
                                                                      1. Incomplete Oxidation
                                                                        1. Temperature Effects
                                                                        2. Nitrogen Oxides Formation
                                                                          1. Thermal NOx Mechanism
                                                                            1. Prompt NOx Formation
                                                                              1. Fuel NOx Contribution
                                                                              2. Particulate Matter Formation
                                                                                1. Soot Formation Process
                                                                                  1. Nucleation and Growth
                                                                                    1. Oxidation Mechanisms
                                                                                  2. Emission Control Technologies
                                                                                    1. Engine-Out Emission Control
                                                                                      1. Combustion Optimization
                                                                                        1. Fuel Injection Strategies
                                                                                          1. Air Motion Enhancement
                                                                                          2. Aftertreatment Systems
                                                                                            1. Catalytic Converters
                                                                                              1. Three-Way Catalyst Function
                                                                                                1. Oxidation Catalyst Operation
                                                                                                  1. Catalyst Aging and Poisoning
                                                                                                  2. Selective Catalytic Reduction
                                                                                                    1. Urea Injection Systems
                                                                                                      1. NOx Reduction Chemistry
                                                                                                        1. System Control Strategies
                                                                                                        2. Particulate Filters
                                                                                                          1. Filtration Mechanisms
                                                                                                            1. Regeneration Strategies
                                                                                                              1. Ash Accumulation Management
                                                                                                            2. Exhaust Gas Recirculation
                                                                                                              1. High-Pressure EGR
                                                                                                                1. Low-Pressure EGR
                                                                                                                  1. Cooled vs Uncooled EGR
                                                                                                                    1. Control Strategies

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                                                                                                                5. Engine Performance Analysis

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                                                                                                                7. Advanced Engine Technologies