Internal Combustion Engines

  1. Thermodynamic Principles and Engine Cycles
    1. Fundamental Thermodynamic Concepts
      1. Laws of Thermodynamics
        1. First Law and Energy Conservation
          1. Second Law and Entropy
            1. Application to Engine Analysis
            2. State Properties
              1. Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships
                1. Ideal Gas Law Applications
                  1. Real Gas Behavior
                  2. Thermodynamic Processes
                    1. Isobaric Processes
                      1. Isochoric Processes
                        1. Isothermal Processes
                          1. Isentropic Processes
                          2. Heat Transfer Mechanisms
                            1. Conduction in Engine Components
                              1. Convection in Cooling Systems
                                1. Radiation Heat Loss
                              2. Air-Standard Cycle Analysis
                                1. Assumptions and Limitations
                                  1. Air as Working Fluid
                                    1. Ideal Gas Behavior
                                      1. Reversible Processes
                                      2. Cycle Analysis Methods
                                        1. P-V Diagram Construction
                                          1. T-S Diagram Analysis
                                            1. Work and Heat Calculations
                                          2. Otto Cycle Analysis
                                            1. Process Sequence
                                              1. Intake Process
                                                1. Compression Process
                                                  1. Combustion Process
                                                    1. Expansion Process
                                                      1. Exhaust Process
                                                      2. Thermodynamic Analysis
                                                        1. P-V Diagram Characteristics
                                                          1. T-S Diagram Characteristics
                                                            1. Work Output Calculation
                                                            2. Thermal Efficiency
                                                              1. Efficiency Formula Derivation
                                                                1. Compression Ratio Effects
                                                                  1. Practical Limitations
                                                                2. Diesel Cycle Analysis
                                                                  1. Process Sequence
                                                                    1. Intake Process
                                                                      1. Compression Process
                                                                        1. Fuel Injection and Combustion
                                                                          1. Expansion Process
                                                                            1. Exhaust Process
                                                                            2. Thermodynamic Analysis
                                                                              1. P-V Diagram Characteristics
                                                                                1. T-S Diagram Characteristics
                                                                                  1. Cutoff Ratio Effects
                                                                                  2. Thermal Efficiency
                                                                                    1. Efficiency Formula Derivation
                                                                                      1. Compression Ratio Effects
                                                                                        1. Cutoff Ratio Effects
                                                                                      2. Dual Cycle Analysis
                                                                                        1. Process Sequence
                                                                                          1. Combined Constant Volume and Pressure Combustion
                                                                                            1. Modern Engine Applications
                                                                                              1. Efficiency Characteristics
                                                                                              2. Cycle Comparison and Optimization
                                                                                                1. Efficiency vs Compression Ratio
                                                                                                  1. Peak Pressure Limitations
                                                                                                    1. Temperature Constraints
                                                                                                      1. Practical Design Considerations

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                                                                                                    2. Core Engine Components and Systems

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                                                                                                    4. Engine Support Systems