Indo-European Languages

  1. Indo-European Languages in Global Context
    1. Typological Characteristics
      1. Morphological Type
        1. Fusional Structure
          1. Inflectional Complexity
            1. Agglutination Tendencies
            2. Syntactic Alignment
              1. Nominative-Accusative Pattern
                1. Ergative Tendencies
                  1. Split Systems
                  2. Phonological Features
                    1. Consonant Systems
                      1. Vowel Inventories
                        1. Prosodic Patterns
                        2. Grammatical Categories
                          1. Gender Systems
                            1. Case Marking
                              1. Tense-Aspect Systems
                                1. Agreement Patterns
                              2. Areal Linguistics
                                1. European Linguistic Area
                                  1. Standard Average European
                                    1. Shared Innovations
                                      1. Contact Effects
                                      2. Balkan Sprachbund
                                        1. Convergent Features
                                          1. Language Contact
                                            1. Structural Borrowing
                                            2. South Asian Linguistic Area
                                              1. Indo-Aryan Convergence
                                                1. Dravidian Influence
                                                  1. Areal Features
                                                2. Language Contact Phenomena
                                                  1. Borrowing Patterns
                                                    1. Lexical Borrowing
                                                      1. Structural Borrowing
                                                        1. Calque Formation
                                                        2. Substrate and Superstrate Effects
                                                          1. Pre-Indo-European Substrates
                                                            1. Colonial Language Influence
                                                              1. Pidgin and Creole Formation
                                                              2. Convergence Processes
                                                                1. Phonological Convergence
                                                                  1. Morphological Convergence
                                                                    1. Syntactic Convergence
                                                                  2. Contemporary Status
                                                                    1. Global Distribution
                                                                      1. Speaker Populations
                                                                        1. Geographic Spread
                                                                        2. Language Vitality
                                                                          1. Endangered Languages
                                                                            1. Language Shift
                                                                              1. Revitalization Efforts
                                                                              2. Sociolinguistic Factors
                                                                                1. Language Policy
                                                                                  1. Educational Systems
                                                                                    1. Media and Technology
                                                                                      1. Globalization Effects
                                                                                      2. Future Prospects
                                                                                        1. Language Maintenance
                                                                                          1. Technological Impact
                                                                                            1. Cultural Preservation
                                                                                              1. Linguistic Diversity

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                                                                                          6. Reconstructed Indo-European Culture

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                                                                                          1. Introduction to Historical Linguistics and Language Families