Ichthyology

  1. Applied Ichthyology
    1. Fisheries Science and Management
      1. Population Dynamics
        1. Population Parameters
          1. Abundance Estimation
            1. Recruitment Processes
              1. Spawning Stock Biomass
                1. Environmental Factors
                  1. Density Dependence
                  2. Mortality Components
                    1. Natural Mortality
                      1. Fishing Mortality
                        1. Total Mortality
                        2. Growth Modeling
                          1. Von Bertalanffy Growth
                            1. Gompertz Growth
                              1. Logistic Growth
                            2. Stock Assessment Methods
                              1. Fishery-Independent Surveys
                                1. Trawl Surveys
                                  1. Acoustic Surveys
                                    1. Egg and Larval Surveys
                                    2. Fishery-Dependent Data
                                      1. Catch Statistics
                                        1. Effort Measurements
                                          1. Biological Sampling
                                          2. Assessment Models
                                            1. Surplus Production Models
                                              1. Virtual Population Analysis
                                                1. Statistical Catch-at-Age
                                              2. Reference Points
                                                1. Biological Reference Points
                                                  1. Maximum Sustainable Yield
                                                    1. Spawning Stock Biomass Limits
                                                      1. Fishing Mortality Thresholds
                                                      2. Economic Reference Points
                                                        1. Maximum Economic Yield
                                                          1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                      3. Fishing Methods and Gear
                                                        1. Passive Gear
                                                          1. Nets
                                                            1. Gill Nets
                                                              1. Trammel Nets
                                                                1. Entangling Nets
                                                                2. Traps and Pots
                                                                  1. Fish Traps
                                                                    1. Crab Pots
                                                                      1. Lobster Traps
                                                                      2. Hook and Line
                                                                        1. Longlines
                                                                          1. Handlines
                                                                            1. Trolling
                                                                          2. Active Gear
                                                                            1. Trawls
                                                                              1. Bottom Trawls
                                                                                1. Midwater Trawls
                                                                                  1. Beam Trawls
                                                                                  2. Seines
                                                                                    1. Purse Seines
                                                                                      1. Beach Seines
                                                                                        1. Danish Seines
                                                                                        2. Dredges
                                                                                          1. Scallop Dredges
                                                                                            1. Oyster Dredges
                                                                                          2. Gear Selectivity
                                                                                            1. Size Selectivity
                                                                                              1. Mesh Size Effects
                                                                                                1. Escape Gaps
                                                                                                2. Species Selectivity
                                                                                                  1. Target Species
                                                                                                    1. Bycatch Reduction
                                                                                                    2. Fishing Efficiency
                                                                                                      1. Catchability Coefficients
                                                                                                        1. Gear Performance
                                                                                                    3. Bycatch and Ecosystem Impacts
                                                                                                      1. Bycatch Issues
                                                                                                        1. Non-target Species
                                                                                                          1. Juvenile Fish
                                                                                                            1. Protected Species
                                                                                                            2. Mitigation Measures
                                                                                                              1. Gear Modifications
                                                                                                                1. Temporal Closures
                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Closures
                                                                                                                  2. Ecosystem Effects
                                                                                                                    1. Habitat Damage
                                                                                                                      1. Food Web Disruption
                                                                                                                        1. Biodiversity Loss
                                                                                                                      2. Management Strategies
                                                                                                                        1. Traditional Management
                                                                                                                          1. Single-species Approach
                                                                                                                            1. Quota Systems
                                                                                                                              1. Size Limits
                                                                                                                                1. Seasonal Closures
                                                                                                                                2. Ecosystem-based Management
                                                                                                                                  1. Multispecies Interactions
                                                                                                                                    1. Habitat Protection
                                                                                                                                      1. Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                                                      2. Adaptive Management
                                                                                                                                        1. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                          1. Management Adjustments
                                                                                                                                            1. Uncertainty Handling
                                                                                                                                            2. International Management
                                                                                                                                              1. Regional Fisheries Organizations
                                                                                                                                                1. International Agreements
                                                                                                                                                  1. Transboundary Stocks
                                                                                                                                                2. Marine Protected Areas
                                                                                                                                                  1. MPA Design Principles
                                                                                                                                                    1. Size Requirements
                                                                                                                                                      1. Connectivity
                                                                                                                                                        1. Habitat Representation
                                                                                                                                                        2. MPA Types
                                                                                                                                                          1. No-take Reserves
                                                                                                                                                            1. Multiple-use Areas
                                                                                                                                                              1. Seasonal Closures
                                                                                                                                                              2. Effectiveness Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                1. Biological Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spillover Effects
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Compliance Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                2. Aquaculture
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aquaculture Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Extensive Systems
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pond Culture
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rice-fish Culture
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Natural Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Semi-intensive Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fertilized Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Supplemental Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Moderate Stocking
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Intensive Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Recirculating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cage Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. High Stocking Densities
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Integrated Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aquaponics
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Polyculture
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Species Selection and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Selection Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Growth Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feed Conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Disease Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Market Demand
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Domestication Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Selective Breeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genetic Improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Strain Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Broodstock Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Genetic Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Breeding Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spawning Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Hatchery Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Broodstock Conditioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hormonal Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nutritional Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Spawning and Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Natural Spawning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Artificial Spawning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fertilization Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Larval Rearing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. First Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Live Food Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Weaning to Artificial Feeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nursery Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Juvenile Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Grading and Sorting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Health Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Grow-out Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pond Aquaculture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Earthen Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lined Ponds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cage Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Marine Cages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Freshwater Cages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Tank Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Concrete Tanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fiberglass Tanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Recirculating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Raceway Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flow-through Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Quality Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nutrition and Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nutritional Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Protein Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lipid Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Carbohydrate Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vitamin and Mineral Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Feed Formulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ingredient Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Feed Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pellet Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Feeding Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feed Conversion Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feeding Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Alternative Feeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plant-based Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Insect Meals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Single-cell Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Environmental Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Quality Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxygen Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Waste Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ecosystem Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Escaped Fish
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Disease Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genetic Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Effluent Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Site Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Best Management Practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Conservation of Fishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Threats Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Overfishing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stock Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fishing Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Economic Drivers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Habitat Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dam Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. River Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flow Alteration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sediment Trapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Water Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reduced Flows
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Habitat Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Land Use Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Deforestation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Agricultural Runoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Urbanization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pollution Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chemical Contaminants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Industrial Chemicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Nutrient Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Algal Blooms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oxygen Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Plastic Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Microplastics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Entanglement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ingestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Invasive Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Introduction Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ballast Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aquaculture Escapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intentional Releases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hybridization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Management Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Early Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rapid Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Control Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Climate Change Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Thermal Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Distribution Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Phenology Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ocean Acidification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. pH Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Calcification Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Food Web Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sea Level Rise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coastal Habitat Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Saltwater Intrusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Extreme Weather
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Storm Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drought Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Conservation Status Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. IUCN Red List Categories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extinct
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Critically Endangered
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Endangered
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vulnerable
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Near Threatened
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Least Concern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Assessment Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Population Size
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Geographic Range
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Threat Severity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Regional Assessments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. National Red Lists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regional Priorities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Endemic Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Conservation Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetic Diversity Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Molecular Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Population Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gene Flow Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Inbreeding and Bottlenecks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Effective Population Size
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Genetic Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Loss of Heterozygosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Conservation Breeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Captive Breeding Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetic Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reintroduction Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Habitat Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. River Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dam Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flow Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Riparian Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Wetland Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wetland Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydrology Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vegetation Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Marine Habitat Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coral Reef Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seagrass Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oyster Reef Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ex-situ Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Captive Breeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Breeding Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genetic Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cryopreservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sperm Banking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Embryo Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetic Resource Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Living Collections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Public Aquaria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Research Facilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Educational Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fish Health and Disease Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pathogen Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Viral Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. DNA Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. RNA Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spring Viremia of Carp
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Bacterial Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gram-positive Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gram-negative Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Furunculosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bacterial Kidney Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Columnaris Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fungal Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Molds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. True Fungi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Saprolegnia Infections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ichthyophonus Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Parasitic Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protozoan Parasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ichthyophthirius
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trichodina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cryptobia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Metazoan Parasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Monogeneans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Digeneans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cestodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nematodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Copepods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Disease Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Signs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Behavioral Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. External Lesions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Internal Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Diagnostic Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Microscopic Examination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bacterial Culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Molecular Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Histopathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sampling Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Live Fish Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Necropsy Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sample Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Disease Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biosecurity Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Quarantine Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disinfection Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Personnel Hygiene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Environmental Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Quality Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stocking Density Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stress Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Vaccination Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vaccine Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vaccination Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Efficacy Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Treatment Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemotherapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Antifungals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Antiparasitics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Immunostimulants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dietary Supplements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Immune Enhancers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Alternative Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Probiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Herbal Medicines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Fish Immunology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Innate Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cellular Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Humoral Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Adaptive Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Antibody Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell-mediated Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Immunological Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Environmental Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stress Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nutritional Status
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Contaminant Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mercury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lead
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cadmium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Copper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Zinc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Polychlorinated Biphenyls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pharmaceuticals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Endocrine Disruptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Estrogenic Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Androgenic Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thyroid Disruptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Emerging Contaminants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Microplastics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Personal Care Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Uptake Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gill Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dietary Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dermal Absorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tissue Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Target Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Storage Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Elimination Routes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Trophic Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Food Chain Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Predator-Prey Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Biological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Acute Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lethal Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Immediate Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chronic Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sublethal Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Long-term Exposure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Reproductive Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gonadal Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spawning Success
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Offspring Survival
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Developmental Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Embryonic Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Larval Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Biomarkers and Bioindicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biochemical Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Enzyme Activities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protein Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. DNA Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Physiological Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Condition Indices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immune Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Behavioral Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Swimming Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Feeding Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Avoidance Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Community Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Species Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Community Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functional Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sentinel Species Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Relevance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sensitivity to Contaminants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sampling Feasibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sampling Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temporal Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quality Assurance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Data Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Statistical Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Trend Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Risk Evaluation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Fish Ecology and Behavior

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Back to Start

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Introduction to Ichthyology