Ichthyology

  1. Fish Physiology and Sensory Biology
    1. Locomotion
      1. Swimming Mechanics
        1. Body and Caudal Fin Propulsion
          1. Anguilliform
            1. Whole Body Undulation
              1. Eel-like Swimming
              2. Sub-carangiform
                1. Posterior Body Undulation
                  1. Moderate Efficiency
                  2. Carangiform
                    1. Caudal Peduncle Focus
                      1. High Efficiency
                      2. Thunniform
                        1. Caudal Fin Dominance
                          1. Maximum Efficiency
                          2. Ostraciiform
                            1. Caudal Fin Only
                              1. Rigid Body
                            2. Median and Paired Fin Propulsion
                              1. Undulatory Fin Propulsion
                                1. Oscillatory Fin Propulsion
                                  1. Fin Coordination
                                  2. Hydrodynamic Principles
                                    1. Drag Forces
                                      1. Pressure Drag
                                        1. Friction Drag
                                          1. Induced Drag
                                          2. Lift Forces
                                            1. Fin-generated Lift
                                              1. Body-generated Lift
                                              2. Streamlining Adaptations
                                                1. Body Shape Optimization
                                                  1. Surface Modifications
                                              3. Specialized Locomotion
                                                1. Non-Swimming Locomotion
                                                  1. Walking and Crawling
                                                    1. Pectoral Fin Walking
                                                      1. Pelvic Fin Support
                                                      2. Burrowing
                                                        1. Sand Penetration
                                                          1. Substrate Manipulation
                                                          2. Jumping and Leaping
                                                            1. Aerial Locomotion
                                                              1. Escape Behavior
                                                            2. Gliding and Flying
                                                              1. Gliding Fish
                                                                1. Wing-like Fins
                                                                  1. Aerial Maneuvers
                                                              2. Buoyancy Control
                                                                1. Swim Bladder Function
                                                                  1. Physostomous Swim Bladders
                                                                    1. Pneumatic Duct Connection
                                                                      1. Gas Exchange Mechanisms
                                                                        1. Rapid Depth Changes
                                                                        2. Physoclistous Swim Bladders
                                                                          1. Gas Gland Function
                                                                            1. Rete Mirabile
                                                                              1. Oval Window
                                                                                1. Precise Buoyancy Control
                                                                                2. Swim Bladder Modifications
                                                                                  1. Sound Production
                                                                                    1. Hearing Enhancement
                                                                                      1. Respiratory Function
                                                                                    2. Alternative Buoyancy Strategies
                                                                                      1. Dynamic Lift
                                                                                        1. Pectoral Fin Positioning
                                                                                          1. Swimming Speed Maintenance
                                                                                            1. Energy Costs
                                                                                            2. Lipid Accumulation
                                                                                              1. Liver Oil Storage
                                                                                                1. Muscle Lipids
                                                                                                  1. Tissue Distribution
                                                                                                  2. Reduced Skeletal Density
                                                                                                    1. Cartilaginous Skeletons
                                                                                                      1. Bone Reduction
                                                                                                  3. Thermoregulation
                                                                                                    1. Poikilothermy
                                                                                                      1. Temperature Conformity
                                                                                                        1. Environmental Temperature Effects
                                                                                                          1. Metabolic Rate Changes
                                                                                                            1. Behavioral Thermoregulation
                                                                                                            2. Thermal Tolerance
                                                                                                              1. Critical Thermal Limits
                                                                                                                1. Acclimation Responses
                                                                                                                  1. Seasonal Adaptations
                                                                                                                2. Regional Endothermy
                                                                                                                  1. Countercurrent Heat Exchange
                                                                                                                    1. Rete Mirabile Systems
                                                                                                                      1. Heat Conservation
                                                                                                                        1. Tissue Warming
                                                                                                                        2. Endothermic Fish Groups
                                                                                                                          1. Tunas and Billfishes
                                                                                                                            1. Lamnid Sharks
                                                                                                                              1. Opah
                                                                                                                              2. Physiological Advantages
                                                                                                                                1. Enhanced Performance
                                                                                                                                  1. Expanded Habitat Range
                                                                                                                              3. Sensory Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Vision
                                                                                                                                  1. Eye Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                    1. Cornea and Lens
                                                                                                                                      1. Refractive Properties
                                                                                                                                        1. Accommodation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                        2. Retina Organization
                                                                                                                                          1. Photoreceptor Distribution
                                                                                                                                            1. Neural Processing
                                                                                                                                            2. Tapetum Lucidum
                                                                                                                                              1. Light Reflection
                                                                                                                                                1. Sensitivity Enhancement
                                                                                                                                              2. Visual Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                1. Color Vision
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cone Cell Types
                                                                                                                                                    1. Spectral Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                      1. Behavioral Responses
                                                                                                                                                      2. Deep-Sea Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                        1. Enlarged Eyes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Enhanced Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                            1. Tubular Eyes
                                                                                                                                                            2. Polarized Light Detection
                                                                                                                                                              1. Prey Detection
                                                                                                                                                            3. Visual Behavior
                                                                                                                                                              1. Prey Detection
                                                                                                                                                                1. Predator Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Social Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                2. Chemoreception
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Olfaction
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Olfactory System Structure
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Olfactory Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Olfactory Bulb
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Neural Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Chemical Detection
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Amino Acids
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pheromones
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Alarm Substances
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Behavioral Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feeding Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reproductive Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Predator Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Gustation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Taste Bud Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oral Cavity
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. External Surfaces
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Barbels
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Taste Categories
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sweet
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sour
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Salty
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bitter
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Umami
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Integration with Olfaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mechanoreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lateral Line System
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neuromast Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hair Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cupula
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Supporting Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Canal Neuromasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Enclosed Canals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pressure Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Superficial Neuromasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Surface Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Movement Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Functional Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Prey Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Predator Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Schooling Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Obstacle Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Inner Ear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Otolith Organs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sacculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lagena
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Utriculus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Semicircular Canals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Angular Acceleration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Balance Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hearing Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sound Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Frequency Discrimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sound Localization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Electroreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Passive Electroreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ampullary Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ampullae of Lorenzini
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Electrical Field Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prey Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Active Electroreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electric Organ Discharges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pulse-type Discharges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wave-type Discharges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Tuberous Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Object Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Electroreceptive Fish Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cartilaginous Fishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Weakly Electric Fish
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Some Bony Fish
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Magnetoreception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Magnetic Field Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Magnetite Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electromagnetic Induction

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fish Anatomy and Morphology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4. Systematics, Taxonomy, and Evolution