Ichthyology

  1. Fish Ecology and Behavior
    1. Habitat and Distribution
      1. Freshwater Ecosystems
        1. Lotic Systems
          1. River Continuum Concept
            1. Headwater Characteristics
              1. Mid-reach Properties
                1. Lower River Features
                2. Flow Regimes
                  1. Seasonal Patterns
                    1. Flood Cycles
                      1. Drought Effects
                      2. Adaptations to Current
                        1. Streamlined Bodies
                          1. Attachment Mechanisms
                            1. Behavioral Strategies
                          2. Lentic Systems
                            1. Lake Zonation
                              1. Littoral Zone
                                1. Limnetic Zone
                                  1. Profundal Zone
                                  2. Thermal Stratification
                                    1. Epilimnion
                                      1. Thermocline
                                        1. Hypolimnion
                                        2. Seasonal Turnover
                                          1. Spring Mixing
                                            1. Summer Stratification
                                              1. Fall Turnover
                                              2. Trophic States
                                                1. Oligotrophic Lakes
                                                  1. Mesotrophic Lakes
                                                    1. Eutrophic Lakes
                                                  2. Wetland Systems
                                                    1. Marsh Habitats
                                                      1. Emergent Vegetation
                                                        1. Water Level Fluctuations
                                                        2. Swamp Environments
                                                          1. Woody Vegetation
                                                            1. Permanent Water
                                                            2. Floodplain Connectivity
                                                              1. Seasonal Flooding
                                                                1. Nursery Habitats
                                                            3. Marine Ecosystems
                                                              1. Coastal Environments
                                                                1. Rocky Intertidal
                                                                  1. Wave Exposure
                                                                    1. Tidal Pools
                                                                      1. Vertical Zonation
                                                                      2. Sandy Shores
                                                                        1. Surf Zones
                                                                          1. Substrate Mobility
                                                                          2. Kelp Forests
                                                                            1. Three-dimensional Structure
                                                                              1. High Productivity
                                                                              2. Seagrass Beds
                                                                                1. Nursery Function
                                                                                  1. Sediment Stabilization
                                                                                  2. Coral Reefs
                                                                                    1. Species Diversity
                                                                                      1. Habitat Complexity
                                                                                        1. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                                      2. Pelagic Environments
                                                                                        1. Epipelagic Zone
                                                                                          1. Surface Waters
                                                                                            1. High Light Levels
                                                                                              1. Primary Production
                                                                                              2. Mesopelagic Zone
                                                                                                1. Twilight Zone
                                                                                                  1. Vertical Migration
                                                                                                    1. Bioluminescence
                                                                                                    2. Bathypelagic Zone
                                                                                                      1. Perpetual Darkness
                                                                                                        1. Low Food Availability
                                                                                                          1. Specialized Adaptations
                                                                                                          2. Abyssopelagic Zone
                                                                                                            1. Extreme Depth
                                                                                                              1. High Pressure
                                                                                                                1. Cold Temperatures
                                                                                                              2. Deep-Sea Environments
                                                                                                                1. Abyssal Plains
                                                                                                                  1. Soft Sediments
                                                                                                                    1. Low Diversity
                                                                                                                    2. Hydrothermal Vents
                                                                                                                      1. Chemosynthetic Communities
                                                                                                                        1. Endemic Species
                                                                                                                        2. Seamounts
                                                                                                                          1. Isolated Habitats
                                                                                                                            1. High Endemism
                                                                                                                            2. Deep-Sea Trenches
                                                                                                                              1. Extreme Pressure
                                                                                                                                1. Specialized Fauna
                                                                                                                              2. Polar Environments
                                                                                                                                1. Arctic Ocean
                                                                                                                                  1. Sea Ice Dynamics
                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Light Cycles
                                                                                                                                    2. Antarctic Waters
                                                                                                                                      1. Circumpolar Current
                                                                                                                                        1. Antifreeze Proteins
                                                                                                                                    3. Estuarine Environments
                                                                                                                                      1. Physical Characteristics
                                                                                                                                        1. Salinity Gradients
                                                                                                                                          1. Freshwater Input
                                                                                                                                            1. Tidal Mixing
                                                                                                                                            2. Tidal Influences
                                                                                                                                              1. Tidal Range
                                                                                                                                                1. Current Patterns
                                                                                                                                              2. Biological Significance
                                                                                                                                                1. Nursery Habitats
                                                                                                                                                  1. Juvenile Development
                                                                                                                                                    1. Protection from Predators
                                                                                                                                                    2. High Productivity
                                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Trapping
                                                                                                                                                        1. Primary Production
                                                                                                                                                      2. Habitat Types
                                                                                                                                                        1. Salt Marshes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Emergent Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Tidal Channels
                                                                                                                                                            2. Mangrove Systems
                                                                                                                                                              1. Tropical Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                1. Root Systems
                                                                                                                                                                2. Mudflats
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Benthic Communities
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Feeding Areas
                                                                                                                                                                3. Biogeography of Fishes
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distribution Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Endemic Species
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Island Endemism
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lake Endemism
                                                                                                                                                                          1. River Basin Endemism
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Cosmopolitan Species
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wide Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dispersal Ability
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Dispersal Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Active Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Swimming Ability
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Migration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Passive Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Larval Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Human Introduction
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Barriers to Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mountain Ranges
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ocean Basins
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ecological Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Salinity Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Historical Biogeography
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Continental Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glacial Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sea Level Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Feeding Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trophic Classifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Primary Consumers
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Herbivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Algae Grazers
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Scraping Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Digestive Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Macrophyte Feeders
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plant Material Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gut Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Detritivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organic Matter Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sediment Ingestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Microbial Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Secondary Consumers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Invertivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Insectivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Terrestrial Insect Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aquatic Insect Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Molluscivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Shell Crushing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pharyngeal Teeth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Crustacivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Crab and Shrimp Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Specialized Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Planktivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Zooplankton Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Filter Feeding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gill Raker Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Tertiary Consumers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Piscivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fish-eating Specialists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Predatory Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hunting Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Generalist Carnivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Opportunistic Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diet Flexibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Omnivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mixed Diet Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seasonal Diet Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Opportunistic Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Foraging Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ambush Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sit-and-wait Strategy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Camouflage Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rapid Strike Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pursuit Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Active Hunting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Speed Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Endurance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Prey Tracking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Grazing Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Continuous Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Territory Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Algae Farming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Digestive Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Filter Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Passive Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Active Pumping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Particle Size Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gill Raker Specialization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Suction Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rapid Mouth Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Negative Pressure Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Prey Capture Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Feeding Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Morphological Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Jaw Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tooth Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gut Length
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pharyngeal Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Behavioral Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feeding Times
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Habitat Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Social Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tool Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Physiological Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Digestive Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gut Microbiome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Life History and Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reproductive Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oviparity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. External Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Egg Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pelagic Eggs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Demersal Eggs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adhesive Eggs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spawning Environments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Open Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Substrate Spawning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nest Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Viviparity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Internal Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Embryonic Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Maternal Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Live Birth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ovoviviparity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Internal Egg Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Yolk Dependence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hatching Inside Mother
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mating Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Monogamy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pair Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Shared Parental Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Territory Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Polygamy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Polygyny
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Male Territory Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Multiple Female Mates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Polyandry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Female Choice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Male Parental Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Promiscuity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Multiple Mating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. No Pair Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Alternative Mating Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sneaker Males
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Satellite Males
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sex Change
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sexual Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gonochorism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Separate Sexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sexual Dimorphism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Hermaphroditism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sequential Hermaphroditism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protandry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Protogyny
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Simultaneous Hermaphroditism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Self-fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cross-fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Parthenogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Asexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clonal Lineages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Spawning Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Spawning Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anadromous Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Catadromous Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Potamodromous Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Spawning Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Cues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Site Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Courtship Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Visual Displays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acoustic Signals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chemical Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Spawning Acts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Synchronous Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fertilization Success
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sperm Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Parental Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. No Parental Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Broadcast Spawning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. High Fecundity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Low Survival
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Egg Guarding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nest Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Egg Fanning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Predator Deterrence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mouthbrooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oral Incubation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Parental Investment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reduced Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Extended Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fry Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feeding Assistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Territory Provision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Early Life History
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Embryonic Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cleavage Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Organ Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hatching Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Larval Stages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Yolk-sac Larvae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. First Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metamorphosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Juvenile Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Growth Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Habitat Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Maturation Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Growth and Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Growth Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Determinate Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Indeterminate Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seasonal Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Age Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Otolith Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Scale Reading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fin Ray Sectioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Longevity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Short-lived Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Long-lived Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Maximum Ages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Social Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solitary Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Territorial Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Monopolization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Aggressive Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Aggregations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Feeding Aggregations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spawning Aggregations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temporary Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Schooling and Shoaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. School Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Polarized Swimming
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Synchronized Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Benefits of Schooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Predator Confusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Foraging Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hydrodynamic Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Costs of Schooling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Disease Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Conspicuousness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Visual Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Color Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rapid Color Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Breeding Coloration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Threat Displays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Body Postures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aggressive Postures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Submissive Postures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Courtship Displays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fin Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fin Spreading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fin Flicking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Threat Gestures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Acoustic Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sound Production Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Swim Bladder Sounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stridulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydrodynamic Sounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sound Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Territorial Calls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Courtship Songs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alarm Calls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hearing Abilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Frequency Range
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sound Localization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Chemical Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pheromone Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sex Pheromones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Alarm Pheromones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trail Pheromones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chemical Reception
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Olfactory Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gustatory Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Information Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Species Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Individual Identity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reproductive Status
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Electrical Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electric Organ Discharges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Species-specific Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Social Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Territorial Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Territory Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Site Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Boundary Marking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Initial Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Territory Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aggressive Displays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Physical Combat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chase Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Territory Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resource Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mating Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spawning Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Dominance Hierarchies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rank Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Subordinate Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hierarchy Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mutualism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cleaning Symbiosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cleaner Fish Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Client Fish Cooperation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cleaning Stations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Anemone Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clownfish Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Protection Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feeding Advantages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Commensalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Following Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Shelter Seeking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transport Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Parasitism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ectoparasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Endoparasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Host Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Migration and Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diadromous Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anadromy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Salmon Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Freshwater Birth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ocean Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spawning Return
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Catadromy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eel Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Freshwater Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ocean Spawning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Larval Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Amphidromy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Marine Larval Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Freshwater Adult Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Marine Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oceanodromy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tuna Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Shark Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Vertical Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diel Vertical Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Feeding Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ontogenetic Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Freshwater Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Potamodromy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Within-system Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spawning Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feeding Migrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Seasonal Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flow Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat Shifts

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              4. Systematics, Taxonomy, and Evolution

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              6. Applied Ichthyology