Histology

  1. The Four Basic Tissue Types
    1. Epithelial Tissue
      1. General Characteristics
        1. Cellularity
          1. Polarity
            1. Apical Surface
              1. Lateral Surfaces
                1. Basal Surface
                2. Avascularity
                  1. Innervation
                    1. High Regeneration Capacity
                      1. Basement Membrane Attachment
                      2. The Basement Membrane
                        1. Structure
                          1. Basal Lamina
                            1. Reticular Lamina
                            2. Composition
                              1. Type IV Collagen
                                1. Laminin
                                  1. Proteoglycans
                                  2. Functions
                                    1. Structural Support
                                      1. Filtration
                                        1. Cell Attachment
                                          1. Cell Migration Barrier
                                        2. Intercellular Junctions
                                          1. Tight Junctions
                                            1. Structure
                                              1. Proteins Involved
                                                1. Functions
                                                  1. Barrier Function
                                                    1. Fence Function
                                                  2. Adherens Junctions
                                                    1. Structure
                                                      1. Proteins Involved
                                                        1. Function
                                                        2. Desmosomes
                                                          1. Structure
                                                            1. Proteins Involved
                                                              1. Function
                                                              2. Gap Junctions
                                                                1. Structure
                                                                  1. Connexins
                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                      1. Electrical Coupling
                                                                        1. Metabolic Coupling
                                                                      2. Hemidesmosomes
                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                          1. Function
                                                                        2. Classification of Surface Epithelium
                                                                          1. By Number of Cell Layers
                                                                            1. Simple Epithelium
                                                                              1. Stratified Epithelium
                                                                                1. Pseudostratified Epithelium
                                                                                2. By Cell Shape
                                                                                  1. Squamous Cells
                                                                                    1. Cuboidal Cells
                                                                                      1. Columnar Cells
                                                                                      2. Specific Types
                                                                                        1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                            1. Locations
                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                              2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                  1. Locations
                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                    2. Simple Columnar Epithelium
                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                        1. Locations
                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                          2. Stratified Squamous Epithelium
                                                                                                            1. Keratinized Type
                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                1. Locations
                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                  2. Non-keratinized Type
                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                      2. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                          1. Locations
                                                                                                                            1. Functions
                                                                                                                            2. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                1. Locations
                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                  2. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                        2. Transitional Epithelium
                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                            1. Locations
                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                1. Adaptation to Stretching
                                                                                                                                            2. Surface Specializations
                                                                                                                                              1. Microvilli
                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                  1. Brush Border
                                                                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                      1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                      2. Cilia
                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                          1. Types
                                                                                                                                                            1. Motile Cilia
                                                                                                                                                              1. Primary Cilia
                                                                                                                                                              2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                2. Stereocilia
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Glandular Epithelium
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Exocrine Glands
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Development
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Classification by Structure
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Simple Glands
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Simple Tubular
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Simple Coiled Tubular
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Simple Branched Tubular
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Simple Alveolar
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Simple Branched Alveolar
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Compound Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Compound Tubular
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Compound Alveolar
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Compound Tubuloalveolar
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Classification by Secretion Method
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Merocrine Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Apocrine Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Holocrine Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Classification by Secretion Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Serous Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mucous Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mixed Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Duct Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Intercalated Ducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Striated Ducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Excretory Ducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Endocrine Glands
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hormone Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Vascularization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. General Characteristics and Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Support and Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Binding and Packing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immune Defense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Embryonic Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mesenchyme
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Neural Crest
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Components of Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extracellular Matrix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ground Substance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Proteoglycans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Glycosaminoglycans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glycoproteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Space Filling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lubrication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Molecular Sieving
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Collagen Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Types of Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Type I Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Type II Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Type III Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Type IV Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Reticular Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Elastic Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Elastin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fibrillin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cells of Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resident Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fibroblasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ECM Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. ECM Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Activation States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Fibrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Adipocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. White Adipocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Brown Adipocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Beige Adipocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Macrophages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Phagocytosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Antigen Presentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tissue Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mast Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Granule Contents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Inflammatory Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Allergic Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Transient Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plasma Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Leukocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neutrophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eosinophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Basophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Monocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Classification of Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Connective Tissue Proper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Loose Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Dense Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Reticular Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Elastic Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Specialized Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adipose Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. White Adipose Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Insulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cushioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Endocrine Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Brown Adipose Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thermogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. General Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Perichondrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chondrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lacunae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Territorial Matrix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Interterritorial Matrix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Growth of Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Interstitial Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Appositional Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hyaline Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Elastic Cartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Fibrocartilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Locations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bone Matrix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Organic Component
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Type I Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Proteoglycans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glycoproteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Inorganic Component
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hydroxyapatite
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Calcium Phosphate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Bone Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Osteoprogenitor Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Osteoblasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Osteocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Osteoclasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Types of Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Compact Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Osteons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Haversian Canals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Volkmann's Canals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lamellae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Spongy Bone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trabeculae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bone Marrow Spaces
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Bone Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Intramembranous Ossification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Endochondral Ossification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Bone Remodeling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Plasma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electrolytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Waste Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Formed Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Erythrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lifespan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Leukocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Granulocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neutrophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Eosinophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Basophils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Agranulocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Monocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Thrombocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Muscle Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contractility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Excitability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Elasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Extensibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Molecular Basis of Contraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Actin and Myosin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sliding Filament Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Calcium Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Skeletal Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Muscle Fascicles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Connective Tissue Layers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Epimysium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Perimysium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Endomysium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. The Muscle Fiber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sarcolemma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sarcoplasm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multinucleation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Myofibrils and Sarcomeres
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure of Sarcomere
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. A Band
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. I Band
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Z Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. H Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. M Line
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Contractile Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thick Filaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thin Filaments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Regulatory Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tropomyosin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Troponin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T-tubules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function in Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Muscle Fiber Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Type I Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Type II Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Neuromuscular Junction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cardiac Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. The Cardiomyocyte
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Single Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Branching Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Intercalated Discs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fascia Adherens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Desmosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Cardiac Conduction System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Purkinje Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Specialized Cardiac Muscle Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Contraction Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calcium Handling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Excitation-Contraction Coupling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spindle-Shaped Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Single Central Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lack of Striations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Arrangement in Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Single Unit Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Contraction Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Actin and Myosin Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calcium Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dense Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Innervation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Autonomic Innervation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hormonal Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Nervous Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. General Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Excitability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Conductivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Plasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Development of Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neural Tube Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Neural Crest Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. By Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sensory Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Motor Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Interneurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. By Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Unipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Multipolar Neurons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cell Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nissl Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Organelles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Inclusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Dendrites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dendritic Spines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Axon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Axon Hillock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Initial Segment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Axon Terminals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Axonal Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anterograde Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Retrograde Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Presynaptic Terminal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Synaptic Cleft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Postsynaptic Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemical Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electrical Synapses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Neurotransmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neurotransmitter Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Receptor Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Signal Termination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Glial Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Central Nervous System Glia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Astrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protoplasmic Astrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fibrous Astrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structural Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metabolic Support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Neurotransmitter Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Oligodendrocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Myelination in CNS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Microglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Immune Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Phagocytosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cytokine Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ependymal Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CSF Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. CSF Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Peripheral Nervous System Glia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Schwann Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Myelination in PNS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nerve Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Satellite Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Organization of Nervous Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Peripheral Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Epineurium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Perineurium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Endoneurium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Motor Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sensory Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mixed Nerves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sensory Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Autonomic Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sympathetic Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Parasympathetic Ganglia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Central Nervous System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gray Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. White Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Meninges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dura Mater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Arachnoid Mater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pia Mater

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. The Cell: A Histological Perspective

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            5. Histology of Organ Systems