Histology

  1. Histological Techniques and Microscopy
    1. Tissue Preparation
      1. Specimen Acquisition
        1. Biopsy Techniques
          1. Autopsy Procedures
            1. Surgical Resection
              1. Tissue Handling Protocols
              2. Fixation
                1. Purpose of Fixation
                  1. Prevention of Autolysis
                    1. Preservation of Cellular Structure
                      1. Prevention of Bacterial Decay
                      2. Common Fixatives
                        1. Formalin
                          1. Mechanism of Action
                            1. Advantages
                              1. Limitations
                              2. Glutaraldehyde
                                1. Use in Electron Microscopy
                                  1. Mechanism of Action
                                    1. Advantages and Limitations
                                    2. Mercuric Chloride Fixatives
                                      1. Osmium Tetroxide
                                        1. Alcoholic Fixatives
                                        2. Factors Affecting Fixation
                                          1. Time Duration
                                            1. Temperature
                                              1. pH Levels
                                                1. Osmolarity
                                                  1. Fixative Volume
                                                2. Dehydration
                                                  1. Purpose of Dehydration
                                                    1. Dehydrating Agents
                                                      1. Ethanol
                                                        1. Acetone
                                                          1. Other Alcohols
                                                          2. Graded Series Process
                                                            1. Timing Considerations
                                                            2. Clearing
                                                              1. Purpose of Clearing
                                                                1. Clearing Agents
                                                                  1. Xylene
                                                                    1. Toluene
                                                                      1. Chloroform
                                                                        1. Limonene
                                                                      2. Embedding
                                                                        1. Purpose of Embedding
                                                                          1. Paraffin Wax Embedding
                                                                            1. Steps in Paraffin Embedding
                                                                              1. Temperature Control
                                                                                1. Advantages
                                                                                  1. Limitations
                                                                                  2. Resin Embedding
                                                                                    1. Epoxy Resins
                                                                                      1. Acrylic Resins
                                                                                        1. Use in Electron Microscopy
                                                                                        2. Frozen Section Technique
                                                                                        3. Sectioning
                                                                                          1. The Microtome
                                                                                            1. Rotary Microtomes
                                                                                              1. Sliding Microtomes
                                                                                                1. Ultramicrotomes
                                                                                                  1. Cryostats
                                                                                                  2. Blade Types
                                                                                                    1. Steel Blades
                                                                                                      1. Glass Knives
                                                                                                        1. Diamond Knives
                                                                                                        2. Section Thickness
                                                                                                          1. Light Microscopy Sections
                                                                                                            1. Electron Microscopy Sections
                                                                                                              1. Semi-thin Sections
                                                                                                              2. Section Orientation
                                                                                                                1. Longitudinal Sections
                                                                                                                  1. Cross Sections
                                                                                                                    1. Oblique Sections
                                                                                                                      1. Tangential Sections
                                                                                                                    2. Mounting on Slides
                                                                                                                      1. Slide Preparation
                                                                                                                        1. Adhesives and Mounting Media
                                                                                                                          1. Coverslipping Techniques
                                                                                                                            1. Slide Labeling
                                                                                                                          2. Staining
                                                                                                                            1. Principles of Staining
                                                                                                                              1. Acidic Dyes
                                                                                                                                1. Basic Dyes
                                                                                                                                  1. Neutral Dyes
                                                                                                                                    1. Affinity for Cellular Components
                                                                                                                                      1. pH Effects on Staining
                                                                                                                                      2. Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
                                                                                                                                        1. Hematoxylin
                                                                                                                                          1. Nuclear Staining
                                                                                                                                            1. Basophilia
                                                                                                                                              1. Types of Hematoxylin
                                                                                                                                              2. Eosin
                                                                                                                                                1. Cytoplasmic Staining
                                                                                                                                                  1. Extracellular Matrix Staining
                                                                                                                                                    1. Eosinophilia
                                                                                                                                                    2. H&E Staining Protocol
                                                                                                                                                      1. Interpretation of H&E Stains
                                                                                                                                                      2. Special Stains
                                                                                                                                                        1. Periodic Acid-Schiff Stain
                                                                                                                                                          1. Principle
                                                                                                                                                            1. Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                            2. Trichrome Stains
                                                                                                                                                              1. Masson's Trichrome
                                                                                                                                                                1. Mallory's Trichrome
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Principle and Applications
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Silver Stains
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reticular Fiber Staining
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nerve Fiber Staining
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principle
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Elastic Fiber Stains
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Orcein Stain
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Verhoeff's Stain
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fat Stains
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Oil Red O
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sudan Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Iron Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Prussian Blue Stain
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Mucin Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alcian Blue
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mucicarmine
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enzyme Histochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alkaline Phosphatase
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Acid Phosphatase
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Peroxidase
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Detection of Specific Molecules
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbohydrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nucleic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Principle of Antibody-Antigen Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Indirect Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antigen Retrieval
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Detection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Enzyme-Based Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fluorescent Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Applications in Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Controls and Troubleshooting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. The Light Microscope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eyepiece
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Objective Lenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Light Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Condenser
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Coarse Focus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fine Focus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diaphragms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Principles of Image Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Resolution and Magnification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Numerical Aperture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Depth of Field
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Limitations of Light Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Care and Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Specialized Light Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Brightfield Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Darkfield Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phase-Contrast Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Differential Interference Contrast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Polarized Light Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fluorescence Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fluorophores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Excitation and Emission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Filters and Light Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Confocal Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Principle of Optical Sectioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Laser Scanning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transmission Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sample Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resolution Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Scanning Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Principle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sample Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Three-Dimensional Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Comparison of TEM and SEM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Limitations of Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Digital Imaging and Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Digital Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Image Capture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Image Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Morphometric Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Interpreting Micrographs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Understanding Planes of Section
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Longitudinal Sections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cross Sections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Oblique Sections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tangential Sections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Identifying Common Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fixation Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Processing Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sectioning Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Knife Marks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Compression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Folds and Tears
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Staining Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Precipitates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Uneven Staining
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Recognizing Normal Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Identifying Pathological Changes

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Introduction to Histology

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. The Cell: A Histological Perspective