Habitat Management and Restoration

6.

Advanced and Cross-Cutting Topics

6.1.

Landscape-Scale Conservation

6.1.1.

Wildlife Corridors and Connectivity

6.1.1.1.

Corridor Design Principles

6.1.1.1.1.

Width Requirements

6.1.1.1.2.

Length Considerations

6.1.1.1.3.

Habitat Quality

6.1.1.2.

6.1.1.2.1.

Linear Corridors

6.1.1.2.2.

Stepping Stone Corridors

6.1.1.2.3.

Matrix Corridors

6.1.1.3.

Barriers and Solutions

6.1.1.3.1.

Physical Barriers

6.1.1.3.2.

Behavioral Barriers

6.1.1.3.3.

Mitigation Strategies

6.1.1.4.

Connectivity Assessment

6.1.1.4.1.

Landscape Metrics

6.1.1.4.2.

Modeling Approaches

6.1.1.4.3.

Field Validation

6.1.2.

Reserve Design Principles

6.1.2.1.

Size Considerations

6.1.2.1.1.

Minimum Viable Populations

6.1.2.1.2.

Area Requirements

6.1.2.1.3.

6.1.2.2.

Shape Considerations

6.1.2.2.1.

Edge-to-Area Ratios

6.1.2.2.2.

Habitat Fragmentation

6.1.2.2.3.

Core Area Maximization

6.1.2.3.

6.1.2.3.1.

6.1.2.3.2.

Buffer Management

6.1.2.3.3.

Multiple Use Zones

6.1.2.4.

Reserve Networks

6.1.2.4.1.

Complementarity

6.1.2.4.2.

Representativeness

6.1.2.4.3.

6.1.3.

Managing Land Use Mosaics

6.1.3.1.

Integrating Multiple Land Uses

6.1.3.1.1.

Agriculture Integration

6.1.3.1.2.

Forestry Integration

6.1.3.1.3.

Urban Integration

6.1.3.2.

Land Sharing Approaches

6.1.3.2.1.

Wildlife-Friendly Farming

6.1.3.2.2.

Agroforestry Systems

6.1.3.2.3.

Sustainable Forestry

6.1.3.3.

Land Sparing Approaches

6.1.3.3.1.

Intensive Production Areas

6.1.3.3.2.

Protected Areas

6.1.3.3.3.

Zoning Strategies

6.2.

Climate Change Adaptation

6.2.1.

Building Ecosystem Resilience

6.2.1.1.

Enhancing Genetic Diversity

6.2.1.1.1.

Population Genetics

6.2.1.1.2.

Gene Flow Enhancement

6.2.1.1.3.

6.2.1.2.

Promoting Habitat Heterogeneity

6.2.1.2.1.

Microhabitat Diversity

6.2.1.2.2.

Structural Complexity

6.2.1.2.3.

Spatial Variability

6.2.1.3.

Reducing Stressors

6.2.1.3.1.

Pollution Reduction

6.2.1.3.2.

Habitat Fragmentation

6.2.1.3.3.

Invasive Species Control

6.2.2.

Managing for Novel Ecosystems

6.2.2.1.

Ecosystem Transitions

6.2.2.1.1.

Threshold Identification

6.2.2.1.2.

6.2.2.1.3.

Alternative States

6.2.2.2.

Acceptance Strategies

6.2.2.2.1.

New Species Assemblages

6.2.2.2.2.

Altered Functions

6.2.2.2.3.

6.2.2.3.

Intervention Strategies

6.2.2.3.1.

Hybrid Management

6.2.2.3.2.

Novel Restoration

6.2.2.3.3.

Adaptive Approaches

6.2.3.

Assisted Migration and Translocation

6.2.3.1.

Species Selection Criteria

6.2.3.1.1.

Climate Vulnerability

6.2.3.1.2.

Dispersal Limitations

6.2.3.1.3.

Conservation Priority

6.2.3.2.

Risk Assessment

6.2.3.2.1.

Ecological Risks

6.2.3.2.2.

6.2.3.2.3.

Socioeconomic Risks

6.2.3.3.

Implementation Protocols

6.2.3.3.1.

Source Population Selection

6.2.3.3.2.

Recipient Site Preparation

6.2.3.3.3.

Release Strategies

6.2.3.4.

Monitoring Requirements

6.2.3.4.1.

Establishment Success

6.2.3.4.2.

Ecological Impacts

6.2.3.4.3.

Genetic Monitoring

6.3.

Urban and Developed Landscapes

6.3.1.

Green Infrastructure Design

6.3.1.1.

6.3.1.1.1.

Extensive Green Roofs

6.3.1.1.2.

Intensive Green Roofs

6.3.1.1.3.

Design Considerations

6.3.1.2.

6.3.1.2.1.

6.3.1.2.2.

6.3.1.2.3.

Maintenance Requirements

6.3.1.3.

Bioswales and Rain Gardens

6.3.1.3.1.

Stormwater Management

6.3.1.3.2.

Plant Selection

6.3.1.3.3.

Maintenance Protocols

6.3.1.4.

6.3.1.4.1.

6.3.1.4.2.

Planting Design

6.3.1.4.3.

Management Strategies

6.3.2.

Creating Urban Habitat

6.3.2.1.

Urban Parks and Greenways

6.3.2.1.1.

Park Design Principles

6.3.2.1.2.

Greenway Connectivity

6.3.2.1.3.

Multi-Use Considerations

6.3.2.2.

Native Plant Communities

6.3.2.2.1.

Species Selection

6.3.2.2.2.

Establishment Techniques

6.3.2.2.3.

Maintenance Requirements

6.3.2.3.

Wildlife-Friendly Design

6.3.2.3.1.

Habitat Features

6.3.2.3.2.

6.3.2.3.3.

Nesting Opportunities

6.3.3.

Managing Human-Wildlife Interactions

6.3.3.1.

Conflict Prevention

6.3.3.1.1.

Design Solutions

6.3.3.1.2.

Behavioral Modifications

6.3.3.1.3.

Education Programs

6.3.3.2.

Conflict Mitigation

6.3.3.2.1.

Deterrent Methods

6.3.3.2.2.

Exclusion Techniques

6.3.3.2.3.

Relocation Strategies

6.3.3.3.

Public Education

6.3.3.3.1.

Awareness Campaigns

6.3.3.3.2.

School Programs

6.3.3.3.3.

Community Engagement

6.4.

Policy, Law, and Socioeconomics

6.4.1.

Environmental Legislation

6.4.1.1.

Endangered Species Act

6.4.1.1.1.

Species Listing Process

6.4.1.1.2.

Critical Habitat Designation

6.4.1.1.3.

Recovery Planning

6.4.1.1.4.

Section 7 Consultations

6.4.1.2.

Clean Water Act

6.4.1.2.1.

Water Quality Standards

6.4.1.2.2.

Discharge Permits

6.4.1.2.3.

Wetland Regulations

6.4.1.2.4.

Non-Point Source Programs

6.4.1.3.

National Environmental Policy Act

6.4.1.3.1.

Environmental Impact Statements

6.4.1.3.2.

Environmental Assessments

6.4.1.3.3.

Public Participation

6.4.1.4.

Other Federal Laws

6.4.1.4.1.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

6.4.1.4.2.

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

6.4.1.4.3.

National Forest Management Act

6.4.2.

Conservation Mechanisms

6.4.2.1.

Conservation Easements

6.4.2.1.1.

Legal Framework

6.4.2.1.2.

6.4.2.1.3.

Monitoring and Enforcement

6.4.2.2.

6.4.2.2.1.

Land Acquisition

6.4.2.2.2.

Stewardship Programs

6.4.2.2.3.

Community Engagement

6.4.2.3.

Habitat Conservation Plans

6.4.2.3.1.

Plan Development

6.4.2.3.2.

6.4.2.3.3.

Monitoring Requirements

6.4.3.

Incentive Programs

6.4.3.1.

Payment for Ecosystem Services

6.4.3.1.1.

Service Valuation

6.4.3.1.2.

Payment Mechanisms

6.4.3.1.3.

6.4.3.2.

Cost-Share Programs

6.4.3.2.1.

6.4.3.2.2.

Eligibility Requirements

6.4.3.2.3.

Application Processes

6.4.3.3.

6.4.3.3.1.

Property Tax Reductions

6.4.3.3.2.

Income Tax Deductions

6.4.3.3.3.

Estate Tax Benefits

6.4.4.

Economics of Conservation

6.4.4.1.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

6.4.4.1.1.

Cost Estimation

6.4.4.1.2.

Benefit Valuation

6.4.4.1.3.

Economic Efficiency

6.4.4.2.

Funding Mechanisms

6.4.4.2.1.

Government Funding

6.4.4.2.2.

Private Investment

6.4.4.2.3.

Innovative Financing

6.4.4.3.

Economic Valuation

6.4.4.3.1.

Ecosystem Service Values

6.4.4.3.2.

Natural Capital Accounting

6.4.4.3.3.

Damage Cost Assessment

6.4.5.

Community-Based Management

6.4.5.1.

Participatory Approaches

6.4.5.1.1.

Stakeholder Engagement

6.4.5.1.2.

Collaborative Planning

6.4.5.1.3.

Shared Governance

6.4.5.2.

Capacity Building

6.4.5.2.1.

Technical Training

6.4.5.2.2.

Leadership Development

6.4.5.2.3.

Institutional Strengthening

6.4.5.3.

Education and Outreach

6.4.5.3.1.

Environmental Education

6.4.5.3.2.

Public Awareness

6.4.5.3.3.

Behavior Change

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5. Project Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring

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1. Foundations of Habitat Science