Habitat Management and Restoration

  1. Ecosystem Restoration
    1. Principles of Restoration Ecology
      1. Defining Restoration Goals
        1. Ecological Integrity
          1. Structural Integrity
            1. Functional Integrity
              1. Compositional Integrity
              2. Historical Fidelity
                1. Reference Conditions
                  1. Natural Range of Variation
                    1. Temporal Considerations
                    2. Socioeconomic Considerations
                      1. Stakeholder Needs
                        1. Economic Constraints
                          1. Cultural Values
                        2. The Role of Reference Ecosystems
                          1. Reference Site Selection
                            1. Site Selection Criteria
                              1. Multiple Reference Sites
                                1. Temporal References
                                2. Benchmarking Success
                                  1. Success Criteria Development
                                    1. Performance Standards
                                      1. Monitoring Protocols
                                      2. Reference Limitations
                                        1. Site Availability
                                          1. Altered Conditions
                                            1. Scale Mismatches
                                          2. Abiotic and Biotic Thresholds
                                            1. Soil Requirements
                                              1. Soil Chemistry
                                                1. Soil Structure
                                                  1. Soil Biology
                                                  2. Hydrology Requirements
                                                    1. Water Availability
                                                      1. Hydrologic Regime
                                                        1. Water Quality
                                                        2. Species Reintroduction Criteria
                                                          1. Habitat Suitability
                                                            1. Population Viability
                                                              1. Source Populations
                                                            2. Self-Design and Self-Organization
                                                              1. Facilitating Natural Processes
                                                                1. Removing Constraints
                                                                  1. Providing Resources
                                                                    1. Allowing Time
                                                                    2. Minimizing Human Intervention
                                                                      1. Passive Restoration
                                                                        1. Natural Regeneration
                                                                          1. Adaptive Management
                                                                      2. Terrestrial Ecosystem Restoration
                                                                        1. Forest Restoration
                                                                          1. Reforestation
                                                                            1. Site Assessment
                                                                              1. Soil Conditions
                                                                                1. Climate Factors
                                                                                  1. Disturbance History
                                                                                  2. Species Selection
                                                                                    1. Native Species Priority
                                                                                      1. Site Matching
                                                                                        1. Genetic Considerations
                                                                                        2. Planting Techniques
                                                                                          1. Seedling Preparation
                                                                                            1. Planting Methods
                                                                                              1. Spacing and Density
                                                                                              2. Post-Planting Care
                                                                                                1. Watering
                                                                                                  1. Weed Control
                                                                                                    1. Protection from Herbivory
                                                                                                  2. Afforestation
                                                                                                    1. Site Preparation
                                                                                                      1. Species Selection
                                                                                                        1. Establishment Techniques
                                                                                                        2. Proforestation
                                                                                                          1. Retention of Large Trees
                                                                                                            1. Old-Growth Characteristics
                                                                                                              1. Wildlife Trees
                                                                                                                1. Genetic Resources
                                                                                                                2. Deadwood Management
                                                                                                                  1. Snag Retention
                                                                                                                    1. Coarse Woody Debris
                                                                                                                      1. Decomposition Processes
                                                                                                                      2. Natural Regeneration
                                                                                                                        1. Seed Sources
                                                                                                                          1. Regeneration Patterns
                                                                                                                            1. Succession Dynamics
                                                                                                                        2. Grassland, Prairie, and Savanna Restoration
                                                                                                                          1. Native Seed Sourcing
                                                                                                                            1. Local Genotype Selection
                                                                                                                              1. Genetic Adaptation
                                                                                                                                1. Seed Transfer Zones
                                                                                                                                  1. Provenance Testing
                                                                                                                                  2. Seed Collection
                                                                                                                                    1. Collection Timing
                                                                                                                                      1. Collection Methods
                                                                                                                                        1. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                        2. Seed Storage
                                                                                                                                          1. Storage Conditions
                                                                                                                                            1. Viability Testing
                                                                                                                                              1. Inventory Management
                                                                                                                                            2. Seed Propagation
                                                                                                                                              1. Nursery Production
                                                                                                                                                1. Greenhouse Techniques
                                                                                                                                                  1. Field Propagation
                                                                                                                                                  2. Site Preparation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Preparation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Tillage Methods
                                                                                                                                                        1. Weed Control
                                                                                                                                                          1. Soil Amendments
                                                                                                                                                          2. Competition Control
                                                                                                                                                            1. Herbicide Applications
                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanical Control
                                                                                                                                                                1. Cover Crops
                                                                                                                                                              2. Seeding Methods
                                                                                                                                                                1. Broadcast Seeding
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drill Seeding
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hand Seeding
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hydroseeding
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Managing Competition
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Weed Control
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pre-Emergent Control
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Post-Emergent Control
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Selective Control
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Use of Fire
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Prescribed Burning
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fire Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fire Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Use of Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Grazing Management
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Timing and Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Species Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Shrubland and Chaparral Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Native Shrub Species
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fire-Adapted Species
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drought-Tolerant Species
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Site Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Slope Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fire Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fire History Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Prescribed Fire Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fire Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Slope Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sediment Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Revegetation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Arid and Semi-Arid Land Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Harvesting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rainwater Harvesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Runoff Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Microcatchments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Drought-Tolerant Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Native Plant Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water-Use Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Soil Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Amendments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biological Soil Crusts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Microsite Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nurse Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Shade Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wind Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mined Land and Brownfield Reclamation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Site Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Contamination Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydrology Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Soil Remediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Contaminant Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil Amendments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bioremediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Recontouring and Revegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Topographic Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Soil Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vegetation Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Monitoring Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vegetation Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wildlife Colonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Freshwater Ecosystem Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. River and Stream Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Re-establishing Natural Flow Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flow Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dam Operations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Diversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flow Releases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Environmental Flows
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flow Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flood Pulses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Flow Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gauge Installation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flow Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Dam Removal and Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dam Removal Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Feasibility Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stakeholder Engagement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fish Passage Improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fish Ladders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fish Elevators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bypass Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sediment Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sediment Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Downstream Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sediment Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Culvert Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fish Passage Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Installation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Channel Reconfiguration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Channel Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Meander Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Channel Dimensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Substrate Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Re-meandering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Natural Channel Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Meander Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flow Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Bank Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Bioengineering Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Riparian Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. In-Stream Habitat Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Log and Boulder Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Placement Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anchoring Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Creation of Pools and Riffles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pool-Riffle Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Depth Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flow Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Spawning Habitat Creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gravel Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Substrate Cleaning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flow Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Riparian and Floodplain Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Re-vegetation of Stream Banks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Native Plant Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Riparian Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Root Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Planting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Live Staking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Brush Bundles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Container Planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temporary Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Permanent Solutions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bioengineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Reconnecting Rivers to Floodplains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Levee Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Feasibility Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flood Risk Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecosystem Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Levee Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Setback Levees
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Levee Breaching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flow Diversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Floodplain Inundation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flood Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inundation Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Lake and Pond Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Managing Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Point Source Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-Point Source Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Internal Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Algae Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biological Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Physical Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Aeration Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stratification Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Shoreline Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioengineering Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Living Shorelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vegetation Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Natural Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Riprap and Armoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rock Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gabion Baskets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Concrete Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Vegetation Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Emergent Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Submergent Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Floating Plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Littoral Zone Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aquatic Planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Species Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Planting Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Establishment Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Habitat Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fish Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wildlife Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nesting Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Wetland Restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Re-establishing Hydrology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surface Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Water Control Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Level Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flow Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drainage Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Grading and Contouring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Topographic Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Microtopography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Drainage Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Substrate and Soil Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Amendments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Organic Matter Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. pH Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Contaminant Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Excavation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Capping Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Substrate Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Compaction Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Planting Hydrophytic Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Wetland Indicator Status
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Functional Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Succession Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Planting Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transplanting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Natural Colonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Establishment Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Survival Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Growth Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Coverage Development

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Project Planning, Implementation, and Monitoring