Habitat Management and Restoration

  1. Habitat Management Techniques
    1. Vegetation Management
      1. Use of Prescribed Fire
        1. Fire Ecology Principles
          1. Fire Regimes
            1. Fire Frequency
              1. Fire Intensity
                1. Fire Seasonality
                  1. Fire Extent
                  2. Fire-Adapted Species
                    1. Fire-Dependent Species
                      1. Fire-Tolerant Species
                        1. Fire-Sensitive Species
                        2. Fire Effects on Ecosystems
                          1. Nutrient Cycling
                            1. Species Composition
                              1. Habitat Structure
                            2. Burn Planning and Execution
                              1. Pre-Burn Planning
                                1. Burn Unit Design
                                  1. Weather Considerations
                                    1. Fuel Load Assessment
                                    2. Safety Considerations
                                      1. Firebreaks and Control Lines
                                        1. Equipment and Personnel
                                          1. Emergency Procedures
                                          2. Timing and Frequency
                                            1. Seasonal Timing
                                              1. Return Intervals
                                                1. Phenological Considerations
                                                2. Ignition Techniques
                                                  1. Backing Fires
                                                    1. Head Fires
                                                      1. Strip Fires
                                                      2. Post-Burn Monitoring
                                                        1. Immediate Effects
                                                          1. Short-Term Recovery
                                                            1. Long-Term Outcomes
                                                        2. Mechanical Treatments
                                                          1. Mowing and Haying
                                                            1. Equipment Types
                                                              1. Rotary Mowers
                                                                1. Flail Mowers
                                                                  1. Sickle Bar Mowers
                                                                  2. Timing and Frequency
                                                                    1. Seasonal Timing
                                                                      1. Mowing Height
                                                                        1. Frequency Considerations
                                                                        2. Wildlife Considerations
                                                                          1. Nesting Season Avoidance
                                                                            1. Escape Cover Retention
                                                                              1. Flushing Bars
                                                                            2. Thinning and Selective Timber Harvest
                                                                              1. Stand Density Management
                                                                                1. Basal Area Targets
                                                                                  1. Trees Per Acre
                                                                                    1. Crown Competition Factor
                                                                                    2. Tree Selection Criteria
                                                                                      1. Species Composition
                                                                                        1. Tree Quality
                                                                                          1. Spatial Distribution
                                                                                          2. Retention of Legacy Trees
                                                                                            1. Old-Growth Characteristics
                                                                                              1. Wildlife Trees
                                                                                                1. Seed Trees
                                                                                                2. Harvesting Methods
                                                                                                  1. Single Tree Selection
                                                                                                    1. Group Selection
                                                                                                      1. Shelterwood Systems
                                                                                                    2. Disking and Plowing
                                                                                                      1. Equipment Selection
                                                                                                        1. Disk Harrows
                                                                                                          1. Moldboard Plows
                                                                                                            1. Chisel Plows
                                                                                                            2. Soil Disturbance Effects
                                                                                                              1. Soil Compaction
                                                                                                                1. Erosion Risk
                                                                                                                  1. Seed Bed Preparation
                                                                                                                  2. Promoting Early Successional Habitats
                                                                                                                    1. Annual Plant Communities
                                                                                                                      1. Seed Germination
                                                                                                                        1. Wildlife Benefits
                                                                                                                    2. Chemical Treatments
                                                                                                                      1. Herbicide Selection
                                                                                                                        1. Selective Herbicides
                                                                                                                          1. Grass-Specific Herbicides
                                                                                                                            1. Broadleaf-Specific Herbicides
                                                                                                                              1. Species-Specific Applications
                                                                                                                              2. Non-Selective Herbicides
                                                                                                                                1. Glyphosate Applications
                                                                                                                                  1. Total Vegetation Control
                                                                                                                                    1. Site Preparation
                                                                                                                                  2. Target Species Identification
                                                                                                                                    1. Invasive Plant Species
                                                                                                                                      1. Undesirable Native Species
                                                                                                                                        1. Competing Vegetation
                                                                                                                                        2. Application Methods
                                                                                                                                          1. Foliar Spraying
                                                                                                                                            1. Broadcast Applications
                                                                                                                                              1. Spot Treatments
                                                                                                                                                1. Selective Applications
                                                                                                                                                2. Cut-Stump Treatment
                                                                                                                                                  1. Woody Plant Control
                                                                                                                                                    1. Immediate Application
                                                                                                                                                      1. Herbicide Selection
                                                                                                                                                      2. Soil Application
                                                                                                                                                        1. Pre-Emergent Herbicides
                                                                                                                                                          1. Root Uptake
                                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Persistence
                                                                                                                                                          2. Minimizing Non-Target Impacts
                                                                                                                                                            1. Application Timing
                                                                                                                                                              1. Weather Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                1. Drift Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Buffer Zones
                                                                                                                                                                2. Managed Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Grazing Systems
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rotational Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Paddock Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rest Periods
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stocking Density
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Continuous Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Season-Long Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stocking Rate Management
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Monitoring Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Deferred Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seasonal Deferment
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rest-Rotation Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Stocking Rates and Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Animal Unit Months
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carrying Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Adjustments
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Impacts on Vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Species Composition Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plant Community Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Grazing Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Impacts on Soil
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Compaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Erosion Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Wildlife Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nesting Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Grazing-Wildlife Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Water Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Level Manipulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Moist-Soil Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Drawdown Scheduling
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Timing of Drawdowns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drawdown Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Level Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Vegetation Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seed Germination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Plant Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Wildlife Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Waterfowl Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Shorebird Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Invertebrate Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Seasonal Flooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flood Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flood Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flood Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Drawdowns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Benefits for Wildlife
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Foraging Opportunities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nesting Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Invertebrate Exposure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sediment Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sediment Consolidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organic Matter Decomposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Creation and Maintenance of Water Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ponds and Impoundments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Site Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Topography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Water Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Design and Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dam Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spillway Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Control Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sediment Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dam Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vegetation Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Monitoring Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wildlife Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structural Integrity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Guzzlers and Water Catchments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Design Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Catchment Area
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Storage Capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Access Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Placement Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wildlife Travel Routes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Habitat Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Source Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cleaning Schedules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Repair Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Managing for Specific Wildlife Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Food Plot Establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Site Selection and Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Soil Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Site Preparation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drainage Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Species Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Native Plant Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crop Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Planting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seeding Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Planting Dates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seed Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Maintenance and Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Weed Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Harvest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Planting Mast and Fruit-Producing Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Selection of Native Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hard Mast Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soft Mast Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Regional Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Site Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Soil Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Competition Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Planting Layout
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Planting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seedling Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Planting Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Protection Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Long-Term Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pruning and Thinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Replacement Planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Creation of Structural Cover
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brush Piles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Construction Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Material Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pile Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Construction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Placement Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Habitat Associations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spacing Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Accessibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pile Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Material Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Snags and Coarse Woody Debris
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Retention Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Snag Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distribution Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Creation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Girdling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Topping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Artificial Snag Installation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Wildlife Benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cavity Nesting Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Foraging Opportunities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Invertebrate Habitat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Provision of Artificial Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nest Boxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Design for Target Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Entrance Hole Size
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Box Dimensions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Material Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Installation Guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Height Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Orientation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spacing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Maintenance Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Annual Cleaning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Repair Schedules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Monitoring Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Roosting Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bat Houses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Design Specifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Installation Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Maintenance Needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Raptor Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Platform Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pole Installation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Invasive Species Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of Integrated Pest Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Prevention Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Early Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pathway Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Education and Outreach
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Monitoring Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Survey Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Data Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Control Thresholds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Economic Thresholds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ecological Thresholds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Action Thresholds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Prevention Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pathway Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Transportation Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trade Regulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quarantine Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Public Education
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Awareness Campaigns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Identification Training
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reporting Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Early Detection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Monitoring Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rapid Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Volunteer Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Early Detection and Rapid Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Monitoring Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Survey Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Rapid Response Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Response Teams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Equipment Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Coordination Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Implementation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Immediate Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Containment Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Follow-Up Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Control Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical and Manual Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hand Pulling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Timing Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Root Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disposal Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cutting and Excavation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Equipment Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cutting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stump Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mowing and Brush Cutting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Timing and Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Equipment Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Follow-Up Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Chemical Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Herbicide Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mode of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Fate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Application Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Phenological Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Weather Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seasonal Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Application Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Foliar Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stem Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Biological Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Use of Natural Enemies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Predators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Parasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pathogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Host Specificity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Impact Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regulatory Approval
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Implementation and Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Agent Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Establishment Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Impact Assessment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4. Ecosystem Restoration