Forecasting in Business and Economics

  1. Data for Forecasting
    1. Types of Data
      1. Time Series Data
        1. Characteristics of Time Series Data
          1. Frequency Types
            1. High-Frequency Data
              1. Daily Data
                1. Weekly Data
                  1. Monthly Data
                    1. Quarterly Data
                      1. Annual Data
                      2. Univariate vs. Multivariate Time Series
                      3. Cross-Sectional Data
                        1. Characteristics and Uses
                          1. Sampling Considerations
                          2. Panel Data
                            1. Structure and Advantages
                              1. Balanced vs. Unbalanced Panels
                            2. Identifying Data Patterns
                              1. Trend
                                1. Trend Estimation Methods
                                2. Seasonality
                                  1. Additive Seasonality
                                    1. Multiplicative Seasonality
                                      1. Identifying Seasonal Patterns
                                        1. Seasonal Adjustment
                                        2. Cyclicality
                                          1. Business Cycles
                                            1. Economic Cycles
                                              1. Cycle Identification
                                                1. Cycle vs. Seasonality
                                                2. Random Variation
                                                  1. Sources of Noise
                                                    1. White Noise vs. Colored Noise
                                                      1. Impact on Forecasting
                                                      2. Structural Breaks
                                                        1. Types of Structural Breaks
                                                          1. Detection Methods
                                                            1. Handling Structural Breaks
                                                          2. Data Visualization and Exploration
                                                            1. Time Series Plots
                                                              1. Line Plots
                                                                1. Multiple Series Plots
                                                                  1. Trend Visualization
                                                                  2. Scatter Plots
                                                                    1. Lag Plots
                                                                      1. Lead-Lag Relationships
                                                                      2. Autocorrelation Analysis
                                                                        1. Autocorrelation Plots
                                                                          1. Partial Autocorrelation Plots
                                                                          2. Seasonal Analysis
                                                                            1. Seasonal Subseries Plots
                                                                              1. Decomposition Plots
                                                                                1. Boxplots by Season
                                                                                2. Advanced Visualization
                                                                                  1. Heatmaps
                                                                                    1. Calendar Plots
                                                                                      1. Spectral Analysis Plots
                                                                                    2. Data Preprocessing and Transformation
                                                                                      1. Data Quality Assessment
                                                                                        1. Missing Value Analysis
                                                                                          1. Outlier Detection
                                                                                            1. Data Consistency Checks
                                                                                            2. Handling Missing Values
                                                                                              1. Types of Missing Data
                                                                                                1. Imputation Methods
                                                                                                  1. Forward Fill
                                                                                                    1. Backward Fill
                                                                                                      1. Linear Interpolation
                                                                                                        1. Spline Interpolation
                                                                                                          1. Model-Based Imputation
                                                                                                          2. Deletion Methods
                                                                                                          3. Outlier Detection and Treatment
                                                                                                            1. Statistical Methods for Outlier Detection
                                                                                                              1. Domain-Specific Outlier Identification
                                                                                                                1. Adjusting Outliers
                                                                                                                  1. Removing Outliers
                                                                                                                  2. Data Adjustments
                                                                                                                    1. Calendar Adjustments
                                                                                                                      1. Trading Days Adjustment
                                                                                                                        1. Holiday Adjustment
                                                                                                                          1. Leap Year Adjustment
                                                                                                                          2. Inflation Adjustments
                                                                                                                            1. Deflating to Constant Dollars
                                                                                                                              1. Price Index Selection
                                                                                                                            2. Mathematical Transformations
                                                                                                                              1. Logarithmic Transformations
                                                                                                                                1. Power Transformations
                                                                                                                                  1. Box-Cox Transformation
                                                                                                                                    1. Yeo-Johnson Transformation
                                                                                                                                    2. Differencing for Stationarity
                                                                                                                                      1. First Differencing
                                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Differencing
                                                                                                                                          1. Higher-Order Differencing
                                                                                                                                          2. Standardization and Normalization

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                                                                                                                                      1. Introduction to Forecasting

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                                                                                                                                      3. Qualitative Forecasting Methods