Flow Analysis and Engineering

Flow Analysis and Engineering is a specialized discipline focused on the study of fluid motion—including liquids, gases, and plasmas—and its interaction with surrounding environments. By applying fundamental principles of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer, engineers in this field use advanced computational methods, like Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and experimental techniques to analyze, predict, and optimize the behavior of flow-dependent systems. This expertise is critical for designing everything from aerodynamic aircraft and fuel-efficient vehicles to efficient pipelines, effective HVAC systems, and biomedical devices that manage blood flow.

1. Fundamentals of Fluid Motion
   1. Properties of Fluids
      1. Density and Specific Weight
         1. Definition of Density
         2. Specific Weight and Specific Gravity
         3. Variation with Temperature and Pressure
      2. Viscosity
         1. Definition and Physical Meaning
         2. Newtonian Fluids
            1. Linear Stress-Strain Relationship
            2. Examples and Applications
         3. Non-Newtonian Fluids
            1. Shear-Thinning Fluids
            2. Shear-Thickening Fluids
            3. Bingham Plastics
            4. Viscoelastic Fluids
         4. Temperature and Pressure Effects on Viscosity
      3. Surface Tension and Capillarity
         1. Molecular Basis of Surface Tension
         2. Capillary Rise and Depression
         3. Contact Angle and Wetting
         4. Applications in Engineering
      4. Compressibility and Bulk Modulus
         1. Definition of Compressibility
         2. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
         3. Effects on Fluid Behavior
         4. Liquid vs Gas Compressibility
      5. Vapor Pressure
         1. Definition and Measurement
         2. Cavitation Phenomena
         3. Engineering Implications
   2. Fluid Statics
      1. Pressure at a Point
         1. Scalar Nature of Pressure
         2. Pascal's Law
         3. Pressure Units and Conversions
      2. Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
         1. Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution
         2. Barometric Formula
         3. Pressure in Gases vs Liquids
         4. Atmospheric Pressure Variation
      3. Manometry and Pressure Measurement
         1. U-Tube Manometers
         2. Inclined Manometers
         3. Differential Manometers
         4. Bourdon Gauge
         5. Electronic Pressure Transducers
      4. Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces
         1. Forces on Plane Surfaces
         2. Forces on Curved Surfaces
         3. Center of Pressure
         4. Hydrostatic Force Calculations
      5. Buoyancy and Stability
         1. Archimedes' Principle
         2. Buoyant Force Calculation
         3. Stability of Floating Bodies
         4. Stability of Submerged Bodies
         5. Metacentric Height
   3. Thermodynamic Fundamentals
      1. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
         1. Thermal Equilibrium
         2. Temperature Scales
      2. The First Law of Thermodynamics
         1. Conservation of Energy
         2. Closed Systems
         3. Open Systems
         4. Internal Energy and Enthalpy
      3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
         1. Entropy and Irreversibility
         2. Carnot Cycle
         3. Entropy Generation
      4. Thermodynamic Properties
         1. Enthalpy
         2. Entropy
         3. Specific Heats
         4. Applications in Fluid Systems
      5. Equations of State
         1. Ideal Gas Law
         2. Real Gas Equations
         3. Application to Fluid Flows
   4. Heat Transfer Fundamentals
      1. Conduction
         1. Fourier's Law
         2. Thermal Conductivity
         3. One-Dimensional Conduction
         4. Multi-Dimensional Conduction
      2. Convection
         1. Newton's Law of Cooling
         2. Natural Convection
            1. Buoyancy-Driven Flows
            2. Governing Parameters
         3. Forced Convection
            1. External Flows
            2. Internal Flows
            3. Heat Transfer Coefficients
      3. Radiation
         1. Stefan-Boltzmann Law
         2. Blackbody Radiation
         3. Graybody Concepts
         4. Radiative Heat Exchange in Fluids