Evolutionary Biology

  1. Human Evolution
    1. Primate Phylogeny
      1. Classification of Primates
        1. Prosimians
          1. Anthropoids
            1. Hominoids
            2. Primate Characteristics
              1. Anatomical Features
                1. Behavioral Traits
                2. Our Place Among the Apes
                  1. Molecular Evidence
                    1. Morphological Evidence
                    2. Common Ancestry with Chimpanzees
                      1. Divergence Time
                        1. Genetic Similarities
                      2. Hominin Evolution
                        1. Key Anatomical Changes
                          1. Bipedalism
                            1. Skeletal Modifications
                              1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                              2. Brain Size Expansion
                                1. Cranial Capacity Changes
                                  1. Neurological Reorganization
                                  2. Tool Use
                                    1. Stone Tool Technologies
                                      1. Cognitive Implications
                                      2. Dental and Cranial Changes
                                        1. Reduction in Canine Size
                                          1. Facial Flattening
                                        2. Major Hominin Groups
                                          1. Early Hominins
                                            1. Sahelanthropus
                                              1. Ardipithecus
                                              2. Australopithecines
                                                1. Australopithecus afarensis
                                                  1. Australopithecus africanus
                                                    1. Robust Australopithecines
                                                    2. The Genus Homo
                                                      1. Homo habilis
                                                        1. Homo erectus
                                                          1. Homo heidelbergensis
                                                            1. Homo neanderthalensis
                                                              1. Homo sapiens
                                                            2. The Emergence of Modern Humans
                                                              1. Fossil Evidence
                                                                1. African Origins
                                                                  1. Early Modern Human Sites
                                                                  2. "Out of Africa" Hypothesis
                                                                    1. Single Origin Model
                                                                    2. Multiregional Hypothesis
                                                                      1. Regional Continuity
                                                                      2. Genetic Evidence
                                                                        1. Mitochondrial DNA Studies
                                                                          1. Y-Chromosome Studies
                                                                            1. Nuclear DNA Evidence
                                                                          2. Neanderthal-Modern Human Interactions
                                                                            1. Coexistence
                                                                              1. Interbreeding
                                                                                1. Replacement
                                                                              2. Recent Human Evolution
                                                                                1. Genetic Variation in Human Populations
                                                                                  1. Population Structure
                                                                                    1. Migration Patterns
                                                                                    2. Adaptation to Local Environments
                                                                                      1. Lactase Persistence
                                                                                        1. Geographic Distribution
                                                                                          1. Selective Advantage
                                                                                          2. High-Altitude Adaptation
                                                                                            1. Tibetan Populations
                                                                                              1. Andean Populations
                                                                                              2. Skin Pigmentation
                                                                                                1. UV Protection
                                                                                                  1. Vitamin D Synthesis
                                                                                                  2. Disease Resistance
                                                                                                    1. Malaria Resistance
                                                                                                      1. Other Pathogen Resistance
                                                                                                    2. Cultural Evolution
                                                                                                      1. Gene-Culture Coevolution
                                                                                                        1. Cultural Transmission
                                                                                                        2. Ongoing Evolutionary Changes
                                                                                                          1. Contemporary Selection
                                                                                                            1. Relaxed Selection

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                                                                                                        6. Adaptation and Behavior

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                                                                                                        8. Modern Frontiers in Evolutionary Biology